The Scattering of Light and its Applications to Chemistry.

Oster, Gérald

doi:10.1021/cr60135a005

Cited by 281 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Proceeding now to more complex models, the more involved theoretical Oster (O) equation (Oster 1948;Sharma et al 2007) is: while the Lorentz-Lorenz (LL) equation, which is also a theoretical model that is based on material polarizability (Lorentz 1906;Pacák and Kodejš 1988), has a similar form:…”

Section: Refractive Index Density and Viscosity Tuningmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

2017

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Experimental techniques based on optical measurement principles have experienced significant growth in recent decades. They are able to provide detailed information with high-spatiotemporal resolution on important scalar (e.g., temperature, concentration, and phase) and vector (e.g., velocity) fields in single-phase or multiphase flows, as well as interfacial characteristics in the latter, which has been instrumental to step-changes in our fundamental understanding of these flows, and the development and validation of advanced models with ever-improving predictive accuracy and reliability. Relevant techniques rely upon well-established optical methods such as direct photography, laser-induced fluorescence, laser Doppler velocimetry/phase Doppler anemometry, particle image/tracking velocimetry, and variants thereof. The accuracy of the resulting data depends on numerous factors including, importantly, the refractive indices of the solids and liquids used. The best results are obtained when the observational materials have closely matched refractive indices, including test-section walls, liquid phases, and any suspended particles. This paper reviews solid–liquid and solid–liquid–liquid refractive-index-matched systems employed in different fields, e.g., multiphase flows, turbomachinery, bio-fluid flows, with an emphasis on liquid–liquid systems. The refractive indices of various aqueous and organic phases found in the literature span the range 1.330–1.620 and 1.251–1.637, respectively, allowing the identification of appropriate combinations to match selected transparent or translucent plastics/polymers, glasses, or custom materials in single-phase liquid or multiphase liquid–liquid flow systems. In addition, the refractive indices of fluids can be further tuned with the use of additives, which also allows for the matching of important flow similarity parameters such as density and viscosity

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Section: Refractive Index Density and Viscosity Tuningmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

2017

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“…When this correction was subtracted from initial temperature readings subsequently made during actual runs, it was found that the rotor temperature remained essentially constant after speed had been reached. ~ (c) According to the theory of light scattering, the turbidity of a solution, which is a measure of the scattering, is proportional to the mean weight of the particles in a solution (18). Therefore, if aggregation of the protein molecules occurred during reversible denaturation, an increase in turbidity should occur.…”

Section: Order Of the Denaturation Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Reversible Heat Denaturation of Chymotrypsinogen

Eisenberg

Schwert

1951

Journal of General Physiology

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Although the process of the reversible denaturation of proteins is one of the most challenging problems of protein chemistry, this field has been relatively dormant for about 10 years. 1 Recently, the excellent study by Kunitz (1) of the reversible heat denaturation of crystalline soy bean trypsin inhibitor has given rise to a revival of interest in this problem. The present investigation has been made as a part of the general study of the pancreatic proteases which has been carried out in this laboratory.The reversible heat denaturation of trypsin has been studied by Northrop (2), by Anson and Mirsky (3), and by Kunitz and Northrop (4) and the reversible heat denaturation of chymotrypsin has been studied by Kunitz and Northrop (5). Investigations of reversible denaturation with proteolytic enzymes may be complicated by the fact that over a large portion of the pH scale the native protein is enzymatically active and digests the denatured protein. For this reason, chymotrypsinogen, which has also been found to undergo reversible heat denaturation but which has no known enzymatic activity, was selected for the present study. MethodsCrystalline chymotrypsinogen was prepared and recrystaUized eight times by the method of Kunitz and Northrop (6). The purity of this preparation was tested by measuring its solubility at 25°C. in 0.2 ~ acetate buffer of pH 5.08 containing 0.5 saturated ammonium sulfate. The technique of Kunitz (7) was used for these measurements. The solubility diagram was that of a single component with a solubility of 0.350 rag. of protein per ml. even in the presence of an eight/old excess of solid phase.The crystalline protein was dissolved in 3 volumes of water at pH 3.0 and was dialyzed with stirring against frequent changes of 0.001 N HC1 until negative tests for both ammonia and sulfate were found in a 12 hour dialysate.

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“…The mean size of the regions where ordered packing exists is directly related to the gradient of the scattering curve at the origin since from equation (7) we have to a good approximation that The scattering of aggregates of cylindrical units has been dealt with above with particular reference to the X-ray case but the results may be applied to the interpretation of intensity data obtained by light-scattering (visible radiation) from solutions of long chain molecules providing that the conditions An 0 < 1 and 47~LAn o < ~ (e.g. Oster, 1948) are satisfied. Here L is the length of a single cylindrical unit and /ln0 is the difference between the refractive indices of the solution and the solvent for light of wavelength ~.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray scattering by bundles of cylinders

Burge¹

1959

Acta Cryst

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The Scattering of Light and its Applications to Chemistry.

Cited by 281 publications

References 58 publications

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

The Reversible Heat Denaturation of Chymotrypsinogen

X-ray scattering by bundles of cylinders

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