Abstract:Using the scalp time-varying network method, the present study is the first to investigate the temporal influence of the reference on N170, a negative event-related potential component (ERP) appeared about 170 ms that is elicited by facial recognition, in the network levels. Two kinds of scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) references, namely, AR (average of all recording channels) and reference electrode standardization technique (REST), were comparatively investigated via the time-varying processing of N170. Res… Show more
“…10). This phenomenon is further confirmed by a simulation study in (Tian et al 2017). This means that reference is an important issue in precise investigation of the spatial–temporal dynamics of ERP, and REST based zero-reference would be the first step for the following explanation of various ERPs.Fig.…”
Section: Impact Of the Unipolar Reference On Real Data Analysissupporting
confidence: 71%
“…10Recorded data derives the time-varying networks of N170. Hubs and connection mode change over time near 170 ms under the three different significance levels.(Reproduced with permission from Tian et al 2017)…”
Section: Impact Of the Unipolar Reference On Real Data Analysismentioning
Which reference is appropriate for the scalp ERP and EEG studies? This unsettled problem still inspires unceasing debate. The ideal reference should be the one with zero or constant potential but unfortunately it is well known that no point on the body fulfills this condition. Consequently, more than ten references are used in the present EEG-ERP studies. This diversity seriously undermines the reproducibility and comparability of results across laboratories. A comprehensive review accompanied by a brief communication with rigorous derivations and notable properties (Hu et al. Brain Topogr,
2019
. 10.1007/s10548-019-00706-y) is thus necessary to provide application-oriented principled recommendations. In this paper current popular references are classified into two categories: (1) unipolar references that construct a neutral reference, including both online unipolar references and offline re-references. Examples of unipolar references are the reference electrode standardization technique (REST), average reference (AR), and linked-mastoids/ears reference (LM); (2) non-unipolar references that include the bipolar reference and the Laplacian reference. We show that each reference is derived with a different assumption and serves different aims. We also note from (Hu et al.
2019
) that there is a general form for the reference problem, the ‘no memory’ property of the unipolar references, and a unified estimator for the potentials at infinity termed as the regularized REST (rREST) which has more advantageous statistical evidence than AR. A thorough discussion of the advantages and limitations of references is provided with recommendations in the hope to clarify the role of each reference in the ERP and EEG practice.
“…10). This phenomenon is further confirmed by a simulation study in (Tian et al 2017). This means that reference is an important issue in precise investigation of the spatial–temporal dynamics of ERP, and REST based zero-reference would be the first step for the following explanation of various ERPs.Fig.…”
Section: Impact Of the Unipolar Reference On Real Data Analysissupporting
confidence: 71%
“…10Recorded data derives the time-varying networks of N170. Hubs and connection mode change over time near 170 ms under the three different significance levels.(Reproduced with permission from Tian et al 2017)…”
Section: Impact Of the Unipolar Reference On Real Data Analysismentioning
Which reference is appropriate for the scalp ERP and EEG studies? This unsettled problem still inspires unceasing debate. The ideal reference should be the one with zero or constant potential but unfortunately it is well known that no point on the body fulfills this condition. Consequently, more than ten references are used in the present EEG-ERP studies. This diversity seriously undermines the reproducibility and comparability of results across laboratories. A comprehensive review accompanied by a brief communication with rigorous derivations and notable properties (Hu et al. Brain Topogr,
2019
. 10.1007/s10548-019-00706-y) is thus necessary to provide application-oriented principled recommendations. In this paper current popular references are classified into two categories: (1) unipolar references that construct a neutral reference, including both online unipolar references and offline re-references. Examples of unipolar references are the reference electrode standardization technique (REST), average reference (AR), and linked-mastoids/ears reference (LM); (2) non-unipolar references that include the bipolar reference and the Laplacian reference. We show that each reference is derived with a different assumption and serves different aims. We also note from (Hu et al.
2019
) that there is a general form for the reference problem, the ‘no memory’ property of the unipolar references, and a unified estimator for the potentials at infinity termed as the regularized REST (rREST) which has more advantageous statistical evidence than AR. A thorough discussion of the advantages and limitations of references is provided with recommendations in the hope to clarify the role of each reference in the ERP and EEG practice.
“…For example, compared with the mastoid reference, common average reference reinforced the emotional modulation effects at the occipitotemporal electrodes where the N170 ERPs typically occurred (Rellecke et al, 2013 ; Hinojosa et al, 2015 ). Moreover, our recent study also revealed that the reference technique might play a crucial role in ERPs data interpretation, and we found that REST reference would be a superior choice for precise evaluation of the scalp spatiotemporal changes connected to various cognitive events (Tian et al, 2018 ). In the current study, we found that N170 could be modulated by emotion when ERPs were re-referenced by REST (Yao, 2001 ; Tian and Yao, 2013 ), which supported the opinions that the processing of facial recognition and expression were integrated mechanisms rather than segregated mechanisms (Hinojosa et al, 2015 ; Song et al, 2017 ), and that the effects of emotional modulation on facial recognition might be associated with the reference technique (Rellecke et al, 2013 ; Hinojosa et al, 2015 ).…”
Whether an event-related potential (ERP), N170, related to facial recognition was modulated by emotion has always been a controversial issue. Some researchers considered the N170 to be independent of emotion, whereas a recent study has shown the opposite view. In the current study, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings while responding to facial pictures with emotion were utilized to investigate whether the N170 was modulated by emotion. We found that there was a significant difference between ERP trials with positive and negative emotions of around 170 ms at the occipitotemporal electrodes (i.e., N170). Then, we further proposed the application of the single-trial N170 as a feature for the classification of facial emotion, which could avoid the fact that ERPs were obtained by averaging most of the time while ignoring the trial-to-trial variation. In order to find an optimal classifier for emotional classification with single-trial N170 as a feature, three types of classifiers, namely, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), L1-regularized logistic regression (L1LR), and support vector machine with radial basis function (RBF-SVM), were comparatively investigated. The results showed that the single-trial N170 could be used as a classification feature to successfully distinguish positive emotion from negative emotion. L1-regularized logistic regression classifiers showed a good generalization, whereas LDA showed a relatively poor generalization. Moreover, when compared with L1LR, the RBF-SVM required more time to optimize the parameters during the classification, which became an obstacle while applying it to the online operating system of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). The findings suggested that face-related N170 could be affected by facial expression and that the single-trial N170 could be a biomarker used to monitor the emotional states of subjects for the BCI domain.
“…WMNE was performed on scalp maps of selected ICA components to find the maximal densities of their cortical sources 41,42 . For valid ICA components, the source location was estimated by Eq.…”
The human brain has a close relationship with music. Music-induced structural and functional brain changes have been demonstrated in the healthy adult. In the present study, adults with left-behind experience (ALB) were divided into two groups. The experimental group (ALB-E) took part in the music therapy experiment with three stages, including before listening to music (pre-stage), initially listening to music (mid-stage) and after listening to music (post-stage). The control group (ALB-C) did not participate in music therapy. Scalp resting-state EEGs of ALB were recorded during the three stages. We found no significant frequency change in the ALB-C group. In the ALB-E group, only the theta power spectrum was significantly different at all stages. The topographical distributions of the theta power spectrum represented change in trends from the frontal regions to the occipital regions. The result of Granger causal analysis (GCA), based on theta frequency, showed a stronger information flow from the middle frontal gyrus to the middle temporal gyrus (MFG → MTG) in the left hemisphere at the pre-stage compared to the post-stage. Additionally, the experimental group showed a weaker information flow from inferior gyrus to superior temporal gyrus (IFG → STG) in the right hemisphere at post-test stage compared to the ALB-C group. Our results demonstrate that listening to music can play a positive role on improving negative feelings for individuals with left behind experience. Adults with Left-behind experience (ALB) generally refers to an individual that underwent an extended period of time in childhood without residing with parents and was instead brought up by grandparents or relatives. This is caused by unbalanced economic development within a geographical region and has become an emerging social phenomenon. This phenomenon is common in rural China, Philippines, Indonesia, and other countries 1. After the period of lacking parents' care and communication, ALB usually present strong psychological insecurity and mistrust for other people. In social occasions, ALB are not willing to take the initiative to establish good interpersonal relationships with others. From an early age, they will have a mentality of inferiority and cowardice which affects subsequent development. This can make ALB more likely to opt to escape and deal with problems in a negative way. In addition, ALB often show emotional indifference in their psychology. Long-term communication with parents is relatively sparse and there is little sense of family warmth, which will affect their overall personality and emotional attitude. This can result in a lack of social interest and methods for ALB, and social anxiety frequently occurs during their interactions with others. Previous studies have reported that people who have left-behind experience may present with depression, anxiety, loneliness, and lower satisfaction for life compared to those who have no left-behind experience 2. Researchers conducted a survey of 4857 involving children and adults with lef...
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