The SARS-CoV-2/Receptor Axis in Heart and Blood Vessels: A Crisp Update on COVID-19 Disease with Cardiovascular Complications

Veluswamy, Priya; Wacker, Max; Stavridis, Dimitrios; Reichel, Thomas; Schmidt, Hendrik; Scherner, Maximilian; Wippermann, Jens; Michels, Guido

doi:10.3390/v13071346

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 276 publications

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“…Various components in the blood, including macromolecules (mainly albumin and globulin), enter the alveolar cavity. This fluid in the alveolar cavity then induces aggravated dyspnea ( 35 – 37 ). The alveolar liquid evaporates under airflow action, leaving behind plasma proteins and necrotic alveolar epithelial debris to form a transparent membrane, leading to lung consolidation ( 3 – 6 , 38 , 39 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Lung Injury and Prothrombotic State in Long COVID

et al. 2022

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Lung injury may persist during the recovery period of COVID-19 as shown through imaging, six-minute walk, and lung function tests. The pathophysiological mechanisms leading to long COVID have not been adequately explained. Our aim is to investigate the basis of pulmonary susceptibility during sequelae and the possibility that prothrombotic states may influence long-term pulmonary symptoms of COVID-19. The patient’s lungs remain vulnerable during the recovery stage due to persistent shedding of the virus, the inflammatory environment, the prothrombotic state, and injury and subsequent repair of the blood-air barrier. The transformation of inflammation to proliferation and fibrosis, hypoxia-involved vascular remodeling, vascular endothelial cell damage, phosphatidylserine-involved hypercoagulability, and continuous changes in serological markers all contribute to post-discharge lung injury. Considering the important role of microthrombus and arteriovenous thrombus in the process of pulmonary functional lesions to organic lesions, we further study the possibility that prothrombotic states, including pulmonary vascular endothelial cell activation and hypercoagulability, may affect long-term pulmonary symptoms in long COVID. Early use of combined anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy is a promising approach to reduce the incidence of pulmonary sequelae. Essentially, early treatment can block the occurrence of thrombotic events. Because impeded pulmonary circulation causes large pressure imbalances over the alveolar membrane leading to the infiltration of plasma into the alveolar cavity, inhibition of thrombotic events can prevent pulmonary hypertension, formation of lung hyaline membranes, and lung consolidation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Lung Injury and Prothrombotic State in Long COVID

et al. 2022

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“…The mean and median age of the study participant was 47 years old. This age group is much lower than the median age group in a study participant of SARS COV-2 comorbidity network and outcome in Hospitalized patients in Crema, Italy by Tommaso Gili (40) in 2021, in which the median age group was 70.8 years of age. This difference could be accounted for by the population age distribution difference between the two countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…The maximum case fatality rate was observed in the age category between 60-69 years of age. But in a study conducted by Tommaso Gili (40), the maximum case fatality rate was observed in the age category > 90 years of age. In a study conducted by Tommaso Gili (40), the case fatality rate in the age group 60-69 years of age was reported to be 6.6%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Mortality due to SARS COV-2 And its Associated Factors in East Shewa Zone Treatment Centers, Ethiopia, 2022: A retrospective cross-sectional study

Hassen

Getinet

Botore

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that is caused by the SARS-CoV-2virus. The objective of this study was to determine SARS COV-2 Mortality and its associated factors in East Shewa Zone Treatment centers, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2022. The study of these types of viral infection will add new insight into the most common causes of mortality in SARS-CoV-2infection and the most common co-morbidities associated with the disease in the East Shewa Zone. Methods: The study was conducted on patients who were admitted to Adama Hospital medical college and Modjo Primary Hospital for SARS-COV 2 treatment. The study period was from March 2020- Dec 2022 GC. The study population was SARS-COV 2 patients who come to Adama Hospital and Medical College and Modjo Primary Hospital for treatment. All eligible SARS-CoV-2 patients' data were collected from Both Adama and Modjo treatment center SARS-CoV-2 accession registration book and medical record card. Result: A total of 409 patient data were collected from which 199 were from Adama Hospital and Medical College and 210 samples were collected from Modjo Primary Hospital Treatment center. The study design was a retrospective Cross-sectional study. The most affected age group in terms of mortality was the age group between 60-69 years old which suffers a 45.28% death rate. The major sign symptoms identified include cough (80.4%), Shortness of breath (66.7%) followed by fever (43.2%). SARS-CoV-2 Comorbidity was detected in 152 (37.2%) patients. Pneumonia was identified as the major comorbid disease to be recorded with 89(21.8%) cases. Other major comorbidities include Hypertension (16.9%) and Diabetes Mellites (13.9%). The least identified comorbidities were anemia (0.2%), Rectal cancer (0.2%), breast cancer (0.5%), and Chronic liver disease. Conclusion: Nearly one in four (22.7%) SARS-COV 2 patients admitted for treatment to Adama Hospital and Medical College and Modjo Primary Hospital did not make their way out of treatment Hospitals alive. Pneumonia was identified as the major comorbid disease to be recorded with 89(21.8%) cases.

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“…Moreover, directly produced inflammatory cytokines induce genes responsible for other mediators like reactive oxygen species prostanoids, nitric oxide, leukotrienes, bradykinin, platelet activating factor causing further endothelium damage and additionally sparking this vicious cycle of vessel integrity damage. Platelet activating factor overproduction leads to easier thrombin generation and fibrin formation, which even more so with large amounts of von Willebrand factor multimers release leads to blood hypercoagulability and creates susceptibility to thrombus formation [ 23 – 26 ]. The dysfunctional endothelium is unable to produce NO, causing its deficiency, which is responsible for the disturbance of the vasorelaxation effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 infection as a new risk factor for penile Mondor disease

et al. 2022

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Background Penile Mondor disease is a superficial dorsal vein thrombophlebitis of the penis, which mainly affects young and middle-aged men. It generally manifests as a visible painful cord located along the dorsal surface of the penis with signs of skin inflammation. The condition is usually self-limiting, but in severe cases a surgical procedure may be necessary in addition to pharmacological treatment. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a frequent incidence of thrombophilia; therefore, such a prothrombotic state during infection may be a significant risk factor for penile Mondor disease. Case presentation The 34-year-old patient reported moderate pain felt on the surface of the penis. During the medical interview, the patient did not admit significant risk factors for Mondor Disease, apart from the previous, a month earlier COVID-19 disease. Examination revealed swelling erythema and a thick indurated cord on the surface of the penis. Color Doppler ultrasound was performed to confirm assumptions and exclude thrombosis of other penile vessels. Based on visible clots in the course of the superficial penile vein and after exclusion of vasculitis due to autoimmune disease the diagnosis of penile Mondor disease was made. Pharmacological therapy was implemented to further break down the clot and prevent rethrombosis in the penile vessels. The patient did not report any treatment complications and returned for a control visit, which revealed complete clot dissolution on ultrasound; therefore, complete recovery was stated. Conclusions This case report presents the correlation between SARS-Cov-2 infection and penile Mondor disease, based on the confirmed influence of COVID-19 on the pathophysiology of thrombosis. It can be concluded that COVID- 19 is a risk factor for Mondor disease, as in the presented case the virus was the only prothrombotic risk factor for the patient. Consequently, the possibility of developing thrombosis in the form of penile Mondor disease should be taken into account among patients with post-COVID-19 and active SARS-Cov-2 infection.

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The SARS-CoV-2/Receptor Axis in Heart and Blood Vessels: A Crisp Update on COVID-19 Disease with Cardiovascular Complications

Cited by 13 publications

References 276 publications

Persistent Lung Injury and Prothrombotic State in Long COVID

Persistent Lung Injury and Prothrombotic State in Long COVID

Mortality due to SARS COV-2 And its Associated Factors in East Shewa Zone Treatment Centers, Ethiopia, 2022: A retrospective cross-sectional study

COVID-19 infection as a new risk factor for penile Mondor disease

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