The Salted Food Addiction Hypothesis may explain overeating and the obesity epidemic

Cocores, James A.; Gold, Mark S.

doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.049

Cited by 146 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…An emerging theme in the neuropsychology of eating behaviours is that some foodsFtypically those high in fat, sugar and saltFhave an abuse potential similar to other manufactured and concentrated substances like cocaine and alcohol, 1,2 and that compulsive overeating can be viewed as an addiction disorder. [3][4][5] Central to these arguments is the dominant role of dopamine in both the behavioural pathology of substance abuse disorders, 6 and in the regulation of food reward and the hedonic aspects of appetite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opiates, overeating and obesity: a psychogenetic analysis

et al. 2011

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Objective: This study provides an original perspective on the associations among endogenous opiates, overeating and obesity. The aim was to assess whether variability in the OPRM1 gene, as assessed by seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms, relates to individual differences in the preference for sweet and fatty foods. We also anticipated that these food preferences would be positively associated with binge eating, hedonic eating and emotionally driven eating-patterns of overeating that would, in turn, predict higher body mass index (BMI). Design: Analysis of variance procedures examined genotype differences in food preferences; bivariate correlation coefficients examined the relationships among food preferences and the overeating variables; and a regression analysis tested the combined influences of the overeating variables on BMI. DNA was extracted from whole blood for the genotyping, and measures of food preferences and eating behaviours were obtained from well-validated self-report questionnaires. Subjects: Participants were 300 healthy adult men and women recruited from the community. Results: All the predicted associations were supported by statistically significant results. In particular, the G/G genotype group of the functional A118G marker of the OPRM1 gene reported higher preferences for sweet and fatty foods compared with the other two groups. Food preferences were also related to all overeating measures, which in turn accounted for a substantial proportion of the variance in BMI. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that some of the diversity in the preference for highly palatable foods can be explained by genotypic differences in the regulation of mu opioid receptors. The associations reported in this paper are important from a public-health perspective because of the abuse potential of sweet-fat foods and their strong relationship with obesity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opiates, overeating and obesity: a psychogenetic analysis

et al. 2011

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“…First, salted food has been shown to stimulate the brain' s reward and pleasure centers and increase caloric consumption, augmenting the incidence of overeating, obesity, and related illness in rats. 31,32 Second, independent of energy intake, chronic salt overload induced adipocyte hypertrophy and increased mass of adipose depots and high plasma leptin concentration by enhancing the adipocyte insulin sensitivity for glucose uptake, the insulin-induced glucose metabolism, and lipogenic capacity of white adipose tissue in rats. 1,2,33 We also found that sodium intake was positively and independently associated with increased circulating levels of leptin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Sodium, Adiposity, and Inflammation in Healthy Adolescents

2014

PEDIATRICS

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: High sodium intake is considered an indirect cause of obesity because it is often accompanied by higher energy intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. High sodium intake is associated with increased inflammatory response in adult patients. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This study shows that high sodium intake is positively associated with adiposity, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-a independent of total energy intake and sugarsweetened soft drink consumption in healthy white and African American adolescents. abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationships of sodium intake with adiposity and inflammation in healthy adolescents. METHODS:A cross-sectional study involved 766 healthy white and African American adolescents aged 14 to 18 years. Dietary sodium intake was estimated by 7-day 24-hour dietary recall. Percent body fat was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Fasting blood samples were measured for leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-a, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. RESULTS:The average sodium intake was 3280 mg/day. Ninety-seven percent of our adolescents exceeded the American Heart Association recommendation for sodium intake. Multiple linear regressions revealed that dietary sodium intake was independently associated with body weight (b = 0. No relation was found between dietary sodium intake and visceral adipose tissue, skinfold thickness, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, or intercellular adhesion molecule-1. All the significant associations persisted after correction for multiple testing (all false discovery rates , 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The mean sodium consumption of our adolescents is as high as that of adults and more than twice the daily intake recommended by the American Heart Association. High sodium intake is positively associated with adiposity and inflammation independent of total energy intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. Pediatrics 2014;133:e635-e642

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“…Sabe-se que o sal tem um efeito neuroendócrino semelhante ao descrito no vício por drogas e, portanto, é hoje considerado como uma substância que pode causar dependência (Cocores;Gold, 2009). Esse efeito parece ocorrer através da estimulação pelo sal do sistema de prazer via receptores opioides e dopaminérgi-cos cerebrais.…”

Section: Salunclassified

"Abra a felicidade"? Implicações para o vício alimentar

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2013

Estud. av.

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Quase dois bilhões de pessoas tem excesso de peso. Esse distúrbio alimentar vem acometendo cada vez mais crianças/adolescentes. Embora seja uma doença multicausal, há forte evidência da influência da propaganda e do ambiente obesogênico na mudança dos hábitos alimentares. As indústrias/comércio de alimentos desenvolveram técnicas capazes de gerar consumo excessivo através do desenvolvimento de sabores, imagens e técnicas de persuasão, e da produção de alimentos ricos em açúcar, sal e gordura que são nutrientes recompensadores e podem gerar vício alimentar. Este artigo debruça-se sobre a influência do consumo de alimentos palatáveis na neuroanatomia funcional do prazer e sua implicação para o vício alimentar. Discute ainda o Modelo Transteórico como ferramenta para intervenção no tratamento da obesidade.

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The Salted Food Addiction Hypothesis may explain overeating and the obesity epidemic

Cited by 146 publications

References 92 publications

Opiates, overeating and obesity: a psychogenetic analysis

Opiates, overeating and obesity: a psychogenetic analysis

Dietary Sodium, Adiposity, and Inflammation in Healthy Adolescents

"Abra a felicidade"? Implicações para o vício alimentar

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