The sagittal sign. An early second trimester sonographic indicator of fetal gender.

Emerson, Donald E.; Felker, Richard E.; Brown, David

doi:10.7863/jum.1989.8.6.293

Cited by 70 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…2 Early ultrasound (12-14 weeks) is also a reliable option when performed at specialized centers. [3][4][5] Invasive testing, either using chorionic villus sampling from 11 weeks or amniocentesis from 15 weeks, [6][7][8] is also an option and allows definitive genetic diagnosis, but both techniques carry a small but significant miscarriage risk (B1%). 9 When used for determination, NIPD has a number of advantages over ultrasound and invasive testing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis for fetal sex determination: benefits and disadvantages from the service users’ perspective

et al. 2012

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Prenatal fetal sex determination is clinically indicated for women who are at risk of having a child with a serious genetic disorder affecting a particular sex. Ultrasound has been the traditional method used, but early fetal sex determination using non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) can now be performed using cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma. The study aim was to assess the views and experiences of service users who had used NIPD for fetal sex determination. In this paper, we report on the perceived benefits and disadvantages. A qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews was used. A total of 44 participants (38 women and 6 partners of participating women) were recruited. Participants' views and experiences of NIPD were overwhelmingly positive. Concerning benefits over traditional methods, three themes emerged: (1) technical aspects of technology; (2) timing; and (3) enhanced decision-making. Practical advantages of NIPD included avoiding miscarriage, and there were a number of psychological advantages associated with timing such as perceived control, early re-engagement, normalization of pregnancy and peace of mind. Participants also valued NIPD as it enabled a stepwise approach to decisionmaking. A number of disadvantages were discussed including concerns about social sexing and increased bonding at a time in pregnancy when miscarriage risk is high. However, participants felt these were fairly minor in comparison with the advantages of NIPD. Until definitive genetic diagnosis using NIPD is available, NIPD for fetal sex determination is perceived as a good interim measure with a number of notable advantages over traditional methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis for fetal sex determination: benefits and disadvantages from the service users’ perspective

et al. 2012

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“…We determined the fetal sex from the 14 weeks according to the sagittal sign, as described previously. 16 Measurements were made using the freehand trace function. Freeze-frame capabilities and electronic on-screen calipers were used for distance measurements (Figure 2).…”

Section: Umbilical Cord Insertion-to-genital Tubercle Length Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of the Fetal Umbilical Cord Insertion-to-Genital Tubercle Length in Early Gestation

Gilboa

Katorza

Kedem

et al. 2011

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine

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Objectives The purpose of this study was to establish in utero reference ranges for the fetal umbilical cord insertion–to–genital tubercle length in early gestation. Methods A prospective cross‐sectional study was performed on 140 normal low‐risk singleton pregnancies between 12 and 18 weeks' gestation. The umbilical cord insertion–to–genital tubercle length was measured in a midsagittal section with high‐resolution transvaginal or transabdominal sonography. The mean and 95% prediction limits were defined for each gestational week and analyzed by regression equations and correlation coefficients. Results Adequate measurements were obtained in 134 patients. The umbilical cord insertion–to–genital tubercle length as a function of gestational age was expressed by the following regression equation: umbilical cord insertion–to–genital tubercle length = −3.079452 + 1.09 × week (R2 = 0.7117). The correlation R2 = 0.7117 was found to be highly statistically significant (P < .001). The normal mean and 95% prediction limits were defined for each gestational week. During the study period, 2 cases were referred to our unit because of nonvisualization of the urinary bladder. The umbilical cord insertion–to–genital tubercle lengths in these cases were below the 95th percentile, confirming the diagnosis of bladder exstrophy. Conclusions The normative data established in this study may be helpful for early pre‐natal diagnosis congenital bladder exstrophy.

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“…This involved measuring the angle of the genital tubercle to a horizontal line through the lumbosacral skin surface in a mid-sagittal plane with the fetus in a natural position [3,4]. This method gave a 100% sensitivity in fetal sex determination after 13 WG but a lower sensitivity between 11 and 12 WG [3,[5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First-trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasound: measurement of the ano-genital distance

Arfi

Cohen

Canlorbe

et al. 2016

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductiv

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The sagittal sign. An early second trimester sonographic indicator of fetal gender.

Cited by 70 publications

References 3 publications

Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis for fetal sex determination: benefits and disadvantages from the service users’ perspective

Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis for fetal sex determination: benefits and disadvantages from the service users’ perspective

Measurement of the Fetal Umbilical Cord Insertion-to-Genital Tubercle Length in Early Gestation

First-trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasound: measurement of the ano-genital distance

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