The Sagittal Growth of the Eye

Larsen, Jon S.

doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1971.tb00968.x

Cited by 107 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Although the eye nearly reaches adult size by age 10 (Larsen, 1971a; Larsen, 1971b; Larsen, 1971c; Larsen, 1971d; Zadnik et al, 1994) scleral ECM components are continually being synthesized and accumulated throughout adolescence and young adulthood. The concentration of the small sulfated scleral proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin increases steadily in the human sclera from childhood through young adulthood and then appears to decline after the fourth decade (Rada, 2000).…”

Section: Development Of the Scleramentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamic sclera: Extracellular matrix remodeling in normal ocular growth and myopia development

Harper

Summers

2015

Experimental Eye Research

196

129

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Myopia is a common ocular condition, characterized by excessive elongation of the ocular globe. The prevalence of myopia continues to increase, particularly among highly educated groups, now exceeding 80% in some groups. In parallel with the increased prevalence of myopia, are increases in associated blinding ocular conditions including glaucoma, retinal detachment and macular degeneration, making myopia a significant global health concern. The elongation of the eye is closely related to the biomechanical properties of the sclera, which in turn are largely dependent on the composition of the scleral extracellular matrix. Therefore an understanding of the cellular and extracellular events involved in the regulation of scleral growth and remodeling during childhood and young adulthood will provide future avenues for the treatment of myopia and its associated ocular complications.

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Section: Development Of the Scleramentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamic sclera: Extracellular matrix remodeling in normal ocular growth and myopia development

Harper

Summers

2015

Experimental Eye Research

196

129

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“…6 Lens thickness also decreases in infancy and early childhood from an average of 3.7–4.0 mm in infancy to 3.4–3.5 mm at age 10 years. 4–7, 10–11 Except for one report in Tibetan children, 9 lens thinning reverses direction to become lens thickening after the age of 10–13 years in most ethnic groups. 6–7, 12 The substantial decreases in crystalline lens power that take place with age are counter-balanced by a vitreous chamber depth (VCD) that elongates from 10–11 mm at birth to become 16–17 mm by age 14 years.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6–7, 12 The substantial decreases in crystalline lens power that take place with age are counter-balanced by a vitreous chamber depth (VCD) that elongates from 10–11 mm at birth to become 16–17 mm by age 14 years. 5–7, 9–11 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Corneal and Crystalline Lens Dimensions Before and After Myopia Onset

Mutti

Mitchell²,

Sinnott³

et al. 2012

Optometry and Vision Science

102

105

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Purpose To describe corneal and crystalline lens dimensions before, during, and after myopia onset compared to age-matched emmetropic values. Methods Subjects were 732 children 6 to 14 years of age who became myopic and 596 emmetropic children participating between 1989 and 2007 in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error Study. Refractive error was measured using cycloplegic autorefraction, corneal power using a hand-held autokeratometer, crystalline lens parameters using video-based phakometry, and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) using A-scan ultrasonography. Corneal and crystalline lens parameters in children who became myopic were compared to age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched model estimates of emmetrope values annually from 5 years before through 5 years after the onset of myopia. The comparison was made without, then with statistical adjustment of emmetrope component values to compensate for the effects of longer VCDs in children who became myopic. Results Before myopia onset, the crystalline lens thinned, flattened, and lost power at similar rates for emmetropes and children who became myopic. The crystalline lens stopped thinning, flattening, and losing power within ±1 year of onset in children who became myopic compared to emmetropes statistically adjusted to match the longer vitreous chamber depths of children who became myopic. In contrast, the cornea was only slightly steeper in children who became myopic compared to emmetropes (<0.25 D) and underwent little change across visits. Conclusions Myopia onset is characterized by an abrupt loss of compensatory changes in the crystalline lens that continue in emmetropes throughout childhood axial elongation. The mechanism responsible for this decoupling remains speculative, but might include restricted equatorial growth from internal mechanical factors.

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“…1–5 Changes in lens thickness with age have also been reported in children, with the lens thinning up to the age of approximately 10–12 years and then thickening after that age. 6–8 Early work was done by Larsen, who used ultrasonography to measure lens thickness in 80 newborns and 846 children aged 6 months to 18 years. 6 These cross-sectional data showed that much of the decrease in lens thickness occurred in the first year and a half, with smaller additional decreases until 11–13 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6–8 Early work was done by Larsen, who used ultrasonography to measure lens thickness in 80 newborns and 846 children aged 6 months to 18 years. 6 These cross-sectional data showed that much of the decrease in lens thickness occurred in the first year and a half, with smaller additional decreases until 11–13 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Changes in Lens Thickness in Myopic Children Enrolled in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET)

Gwiazda

Norton²,

Hou

et al. 2015

Current Eye Research

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Purpose To describe longitudinal changes in lens thickness in myopic children in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) and to investigate the association between these changes and myopia progression. Methods Four-hundred sixty-nine 6 to <12-year-old children with −1.25 to −4.50 D of myopia were enrolled in COMET, a clinical trial comparing single vision lenses (SVLs) versus progressive addition lenses (PALs) for slowing myopia. Children remained in their original lenses for 5 years and then could wear contact lenses, SVLs or PALs. Myopia by cycloplegic autorefraction (Nidek ARK 700A) and ocular components, including lens thickness, by A-scan ultrasound (Sonomed A2500) were measured annually over 11 years. Analyses of lens thickness were based on right eye data from 426 children with refractions fit with Gompertz functions. Longitudinal lens thickness measurements for each participant were fit with a third-degree polynomial function, and average polynomial functions were calculated for three groups of children previously identified based on Gompertz functions: 6–7 years at baseline (n = 40), ≥8 years with progressing myopia (n = 329), and ≥8 years with non-progressing myopia (n = 56). ANOVAs were used for comparing the lens curve-based parameters among the three groups. Associations between lens and Gompertz parameters were assessed using Pearson correlations. Results Overall, between 6 and 18 years the lenses thinned and then thickened, with the minimum value of 3.37 ± 0.15mm reached at 11.56 ± 2.04 years. The minimum lens thickness did not differ among the three myopia groups (p = 0.09), nor was it correlated with the amount of myopia at lens minimum or amount of final myopia (r's = −0.01 and −0.03, respectively, p's>0.05). Conclusion As a similar pattern of change in lens thickness with age was found in all children, whether their myopia progressed or not, these results suggest that the association of lens thinning and thickening with the course of myopia is coincidental rather than causal.

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The Sagittal Growth of the Eye

Cited by 107 publications

References 14 publications

The dynamic sclera: Extracellular matrix remodeling in normal ocular growth and myopia development

The dynamic sclera: Extracellular matrix remodeling in normal ocular growth and myopia development

Corneal and Crystalline Lens Dimensions Before and After Myopia Onset

Longitudinal Changes in Lens Thickness in Myopic Children Enrolled in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET)

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