The Safety of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients Undergoing Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Transesophageal echocardiography in orthotopic liver transplantation: a comprehensive intraoperative monitoring tool

“…However, TEE is safe and feasible in liver transplantation candidates. In fact, in a recent study, the major complication rate was just 0.86%, and the overall complication rate was 1.7%—both very low, but just slightly higher than that reported in cardiac literature in terms of morbidity rate of 0.2% [30]. …”

A Case Report of Paradoxical Air Embolism Caused by Intrapulmonary Shunting During Liver Transplantation

“…5 However, retrospective studies show this risk is small. 6 The ASA/SCA guidelines recommend that TEE may be used in the presence of gastroesophageal varices if the expected benefits outweigh the potential risks. 4 In the event TEE is used in the presence of esophageal varices, it is recommended that precautions be taken such as using a smaller probe, minimizing probe manipulation and using the most experienced operator available.…”

Harmful effect of epinephrine on postreperfusion syndrome in an elderly liver transplantation recipient with sigmoid ventricular septum

“…[12,13] Moreover, TEE has been reported to be relatively safe, as it showed low incidence of hemorrhagic complication despite the presence of esophageal varices. [14,15] Therefore, TEE should always be considered for patients with prolonged PRS, especially for patients with a high risk of developing an LVOT obstruction. [16,17] …”