The safety attitudes questionnaire – ambulatory version: psychometric properties of the Slovenian version for the out-of-hours primary care setting

Abstract

BackgroundSeveral tools have been developed to measure safety attitudes of health care providers, out of which the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) is regarded as one of the most appropriate ones. In 2007, it was adapted to outpatient (primary health care) settings and in 2014 it was tested in out-of-hours health care settings in Norway. The purpose of this study was to translate the English version of the SAQ-Ambulatory Version (SAQ-AV) to Slovenian language; to test its reliability; and to explore its factor structure.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study that took place in Slovenian out-of-hours primary care clinics in March-May 2015 as a part of an international study entitled Patient Safety Culture in European Out-of-hours services. The questionnaire consisted of the Slovenian version of the SAQ-AV. The link to the questionnaire was emailed to health care workers in the out-of-hours clinics. A total of 438 participants were invited. We performed exploratory factor analysis.ResultsOut of 438 invited participants, 250 answered the questionnaire (response rate 57.1%). Exploratory factor analysis put forward five factors: 1) Perceptions of management, 2) Job satisfaction, 3) Safety climate, 4) Teamwork climate, and 5) Communication. Cronbach’s alpha of the whole SAQ-AV was 0.922. Cronbach’s alpha of the five factors ranged from 0.587 to 0.791. Mean total score of the SAQ-AV was 56.6 ± 16.0 points. The factor with the highest average score was Teamwork climate and the factor with the lowest average was Job satisfaction.ConclusionsBased on the results in our study, we cannot state that the SAQ-AV is a reliable tool for measuring safety culture in the Slovenian out-of-hours care setting. Our study also showed that there might be other safety culture factors in out-of-hours care not recognised before. We therefore recommend larger studies aiming to identify an alternative factor structure.

Safety culture in the primary health care settings based on workers with a leadership role: the psychometric properties of the Slovenian-language version of the safety attitudes questionnaire – short form

“…The sample size in our study was limited to employees with a leadership role, which could produce a selection bias and therefore limits the validity of our results. However, the results were very similar to our previous study [25] and also to the Dutch study [10] (both performed at the primary health care level) and this gives us confidence in the validity of our results. Although the response rate was high, there is no information on the characteristics of the non-respondents, so this could also be a source of bias.…”

“…The latter is actually a combination of two factors from the original SAQ – Short Form scale. The factor Communication has not been revealed within the original scale but has already been revealed as an individual factor of the Slovenian-language version of the SAQ-AV [25]. Communication has also been recognised in other safety culture measurement tools as an important domain within the safety climate or culture [7, 10, 33].…”

Adaptación transcultural y validación del Safety Attitudes Questionnaire Short Form (SAQ-SF) en el ámbito quirúrgico español e italiano. Análisis de la cultura de seguridad del paciente por personal sanitario de quirófano

“…El resultado del Coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach para el total de la escala del modelo de seis dimensiones propuesto por el AFE, =0,852, fue consistente con otros estudios, encontrando valores similares en la versión original [134] y en las versiones validadas de otros países [214,[224][225][226][227][228][229][230][232][233][234][235][236][237][238][239][240].…”

“…Las tasas globales de ambos países fueron superiores a la observada en un estudio de validación del SAQ-SF en la unidad de cuidados intensivos realizado en España en 2010 [236] en el que participaron un 29,8%; y menores a las obtenidas en un estudio realizado en quirófano por el equipo creador del SAQ [232] donde fue del 77,1% y al estudio de validación del cuestionario SAQ original [134] donde fue del 67,0%. La causa de esta diferencia puede ser debida a la diferente administración del cuestionario, en Estados Unidos se recogieron los mismos durante reuniones de departamento y de personal, y el resto de participantes recibían en mano el cuestionario junto con un lápiz y un sobre de retorno.…”

“…Situaciones similares se encuentran en diferentes estudios [224][225][226][227][228][229][230][232][233][234][235][236][237].…”