The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem

Abstract

Not long ago—early in 1954—the world observed a debate at Berlin between diplomats of East and West who offered their alternatives for solving the German problem. The Soviet solution as set forth by Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister, was to use Germans as pawns in a diplomatic maneuver whose object was clearly to wreck Western European integration and to strengthen the Soviet Union. The solution proposed by the Western diplomats, John Foster Dulles, Anthony Eden and George Bidault, was to regard Germans as equals with whom they would negotiate a solution to Germany's problems. The Soviets have used the satellite East German regime to parrot their program and they have groomed it to neutralize Germany or lead it into the Communist camp. The Western diplomats have concluded that in order to obtain a lasting German settlement there must be free elections to establish an all-German government, which would be competent to negotiate about Germany's future and would be free to join the Western Alliance, if it chose to do so.

Europe’s Rhine power: connections, borders, and flows

“…24 By way of compromise, the Rhineland was divided between the French occupational zone (the eastern bank of the Rhine) and the British zone. The Ruhr area was placed under the International Ruhr Authority, to be replaced by the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952 which further arranged the international pooling of coal resources (Yoder 1955 ).…”

La Comunidad Europea del Carbón y del Acero. Un exitoso y aún inacabado experimento institucional

“…Sin embargo, a pesar de sus amplias facultades formales, dicho órgano se limitó a "determinar la cantidad de carbón que sería exportado por Alemania Occidental", sobre bases comerciales y no de reparación de los daños de guerra causados. 11 Hasta aquí, todo hacia suponer que se iba a repetir lo acontecido después de la Primera Guerra. Pero no, para entonces los franceses habían ya concebido una novedosa estrategia de integración para Europa: el llamado Plan Schu-man.…”

Analysis of field-emission from a diamond-metal-vacuum triple junction

“…Diamond is known to have excellent field emission properties as compared to other semiconductors. 1 The negative electron affinity (NEA) characteristic 2,3 on the diamond surface has motivated people to investigate its field emission properties for electron to tunnel from diamond into vacuum. However, with a large band gap (5.5 eV), it is almost impossible to directly get a low turn on voltage for intrinsic diamond.…”