The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Relativism

Abstract

This paper presents reasons against semantic relativism. Semantic relativism is motivated by intuitions that are presumed to raise problems for traditional or contextualist semantics in contested domains of discourse. Intuition-based arguments are those based on competent speakers' putative intuitions about seeming faultless disagreement, eavesdropper, and retraction cases. I will organize the discussion in three parts. First, I shall provide a brief introduction to the intuition-based arguments offered in favor of semantic relativism. Second, I shall indicate that there are ways for contextualism to explain the (appearance of) intuitions that support semantic relativism. Third, I shall review some experimental results and independent arguments that put into question the appeal of semantic relativism. Intuition-based ArgumentsIntuitions about retraction and disagreement play a crucial role in arguments for semantic relativism about epistemic modals, deontic modals, conditionals, knowledge attributions, or value and personal taste claims: the use of these expressions seems to be dependent on people's perspectives, either on a relevant body of information available, or a relevant standard of taste. But while absolutists seem unable to capture the perspective-dependence of claims in that range, indexical-contextualists seem unable to account for the presumed intuitions of competent speakers involving disagreement and retraction cases. Disagreements between people with different perspectives in these areas seem to occur, as do retractions of past claims made by subjects after a change of perspective (where the perspective-independent facts remain the same). Likewise, we are owed a suitable explanation of what is going on with eavesdropper cases.

Sustainability Reporting in Indonesian Oil and Gas Companies: Formalities or Awareness?

“…Tracking Pencarian Artikel. Analisis hasil untuk konsep yang diteliti berupa (1) mengkaji struktur teks menggunakan analisis post-struktural (Kusch, 2019;Sotiropoulos, 2021); (2) mengkaji menggunakan metode eksposisi, dengan data yang memiliki korelasi relevan dengan studi yang dilakukan; dan (3) mengkaji menggunakan metode analitik, dengan penganalisis informasi yang didapat disertai argumentasi yang logis dan selanjutnya akan diambil sebagai titik kesimpulan.…”