The roughage requirement of early weaned calves

Kellaway, RC; Grant, T; Chudleigh, JW

doi:10.1071/ea9730009

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This confirms the results of a previous experiment from this laboratory (Kang and Leibholz, 1973). Kellaway et al (1973) found that the straw intake of their calves was 10 % of the total feed intake. These conflicting results may be partially explained by the low intake of wheat straw in the present experiment; it was only 5 % of the total feed intake.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…NUMEROUS workers have shown that both the weight gains and feed intakes of calves and mature cattle given all-concentrate diets are lower than those of animals whose diet contains some roughage (Preston, Whitelaw, Macdearmid, MacLeod and Charleson, 1961;Kay, 1969;Kellaway, Grant and Chudleigh, 1973). At the other extreme, up to 70% ground straw has been included in the diet of mature ruminants without depressing their feed intake, but their weight gains were depressed (Kay, Macdearmid and Massie, 1970;Swan and Lamming, 1970).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ground roughage in the diet of the early-weaned calf

Leibholz

1975

Anim. Sci.

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An experiment was conducted with 60 male Friesian calves between 5 and 11 weeks of age. The experiment was a 5 x 2 x 2 factorial design. The five major treatments were the inclusion of 20 or 40 % ground wheat straw or 20, 40 or 60 % ground lucerne in a pelleted diet. A methane inhibitor was included in the diet given to 30 of the calves. The diets were given alone or with a chaffed wheat straw supplement ad libitum. All diets contained 2% sodium bicarbonate. The weight gain of the calves was greater with the diets containing ground lucerne than with those containing ground wheat straw, but in both cases weight gains were reduced with increasing roughage content of the diets. The efficiency of feed conversion showed a similar trend. The supplementation of the diets with chaffed wheat straw did not affect the performance of the calves. The inclusion of the methane inhibitor in the diets improved the weight gains and efficiency of feed conversion. The daily retention of nitrogen in the calves showed a similar trend to the growth rates. The molar percentage of acetate in the rumen increased as the roughage content of the diets increased while the proportions of propionate, butyrate and valerate decreased. The inclusion of the methane inhibitor in the diets decreased the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen and increased the molar percentage of propionate, butyrate and valerate.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground roughage in the diet of the early-weaned calf

Leibholz

1975

Anim. Sci.

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“…The results of this investigation confirm that roughage inclusion in the diet of calves promotes increased food intakes and live-weight gains (Kang and Leibholz, 1973;Kellaway et al, 1973a), presumably due to an increased rumenbuffering capacity as a consequence of greater saliva production (Kellaway et al, 1973a). Certainly, this view is endorsed by the higher rumen pH status of the animals offered roughage, thus preventing the hyperacidicity that is inhibitory to voluntary food intake (Kellaway et al, 1973b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…A NUMBER of experiments (Preston, Whitelaw, Macdearmid, MacLeod and Charleson, 1961;Kang and Leibholz, 1973;Kellaway, Grant and Chudleigh, 1973a) have shown that giving roughage-deficient diets results in markedly inferior growth and intake characteristics, which seem to be associated with a reduction in saliva production and decreased rumen-buffering capacity (Kellaway et al, 1973a). Although several workers (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of changing the physical form of roughage on the performance of the early-weaned calf

Thomas

Hinks

1982

Anim. Sci.

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An experiment was conducted using two batches of 40 purchased male Hereford x Friesian calves, reared conventionally with weaning after 5 weeks. Five diets were offered ad libitum for 9 weeks: a basic concentrate pellet A offered alone, or with additional chopped or long straw; a diet incorporating 35 g sodium bicarbonate per kg in the basic pellet; and a complete diet with the inclusion of 176g chopped straw (20 mm) per kg in the concentrate pellet.Concentrate intakes and live-weight gains tended to increase with voluntary intake of roughage and the inclusion of buffer in the diet; giving a complete diet, however, gave the best results, with total intake increased to 1 -6 of that for diet A and also significantly increased weight gains.Rumen acidity was decreased by roughage consumption or by buffer inclusion in the diet. Increasing roughage consumption tended to promote an increase in the molar proportions of acetic and butyric acids in the rumen liquor, and a decrease in the molar proportion of propionic acid.Results suggested that chopping the roughage into 20-mm lengths did not obviously alter the rumen-buffering characteristics of long roughage, provided that a greater quantity was included in chopped form.

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“…Margerison et al (2003) observed that calves decreased their nonnutritive oral behaviors around wk 3 of life when they increased concentrate and hay intake and the amount of time spent ruminating. Feeding and rumination time depend on the type of solid feed provided; Hodgson (1971), as cited by Kellaway et al (1973a), found that calves spent 4 times longer per gram consuming hay than pelleted feed and 7 times longer ruminating hay than pellets. Phillips (2004) speculated that, because more fibrous feeds are slower to consume than concentrates, they may redirect suckling needs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The effect of milk-feeding method and hay provision on the development of feeding behavior and non-nutritive oral behavior of dairy calves

Horvath

Miller-Cushon

2017

Journal of Dairy Science

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We investigated the interactive effects of common feeding management factors on the development of feeding and non-nutritive oral behaviors in preweaned calves through the weaning transition. Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments that differed by milk-feeding method (teat or bucket) and ad libitum access to chopped timothy hay: control, milk provided by bucket and no access to hay (CON; n = 10); milk provided by bucket and access to hay (H; n = 10); milk provided via a teat and access to hay (TH; n = 10). Calves had ad libitum access to concentrate and water, and were fed 6 L/d of pasteurized waste milk, divided into 2 meals. All calves were weaned by removing the second milk meal for 9 ± 2 d, beginning at 36 d of age. Daily concentrate and hay intake were recorded, and calves were weighed weekly to measure growth. We recorded the behavior of all calves using 2 s time-lapse video during time periods that encompassed milk meals, from 6000 h to 1000 h and 1600 h to 2000 h, on 2 consecutive focal days in wk 2 and 4. We continuously monitored lying time and activity using electronic data loggers. During the preweaning period, hay selection by H and TH calves was subject to a treatment × week interaction, with TH calves increasing hay intake to a greater extent over time. Similarly, we observed a tendency for a treatment × week interaction for hay dry matter intake. Before weaning, concentrate intake was subject to a treatment × week interaction, increasing to a greater extent over time for H and TH calves, but was greater overall for CON calves. As predicted, milk-feeding method and hay provision influenced the proportion of time devoted to feeding and non-nutritive behaviors. The CON calves spent the greatest amount of time performing non-nutritive sucking directed at the pen, TH calves the least, and H calves intermediate amounts. Considering the time TH calves sucked on their teat when milk was not present in addition to the time they spent sucking on pen fixtures, the total amount of time spent performing sucking behavior was similar between treatments. Although intake was similar across the weaning transition, CON calves had greater average daily gain than H calves, and TH calves were intermediate. Providing access to hay and milk via a teat during the milk-feeding stage decreased non-nutritive oral behaviors and influenced feeding behavior.

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The roughage requirement of early weaned calves

Cited by 6 publications

References 4 publications

Ground roughage in the diet of the early-weaned calf

Ground roughage in the diet of the early-weaned calf

The effect of changing the physical form of roughage on the performance of the early-weaned calf

The effect of milk-feeding method and hay provision on the development of feeding behavior and non-nutritive oral behavior of dairy calves

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