The ROSAT Raster survey in the north ecliptic pole field

Abstract

The north ecliptic pole (NEP) is an important region for extragalactic surveys. Deep and wide contiguous surveys are being performed by several space observatories, most currently with the eROSITA telescope. Several more are planned for the near future. We analyse all the ROSAT pointed and survey observations in a region of 40 deg 2 around the NEP, restricting the ROSAT field of view to the inner 30 radius. We obtain an X-ray catalogue of 805 sources with 0.5-2 keV fluxes >2.9×10 −15 erg cm −2 s −1 , about a factor of three deeper than the ROSAT All-Sky Survey in this field. The sensitivity and angular resolution of our data are comparable to the eROSITA All-Sky Survey expectations. The 50% position error radius of the sample of X-ray sources is ∼10. We use HEROES optical and near-infrared imaging photometry from the Subaru and Canada/France/Hawaii telescopes together with GALEX, SDSS, Pan-STARRS, and WISE catalogues, as well as images from a new deep and wide Spitzer survey in the field to statistically identify the X-ray sources and to calculate photometric redshifts for the candidate counterparts. In particular, we utilize mid-infrared (mid-IR) colours to identify active galactic nucleus (AGN) X-ray counterparts. Despite the relatively large error circles and often faint counterparts, together with confusion issues and systematic errors, we obtain a rather reliable catalogue of 766 high-quality optical counterparts, corresponding redshifts and optical classifications. The quality of the dataset is sufficient to look at ensemble properties of X-ray source classes. In particular we find a new population of luminous absorbed X-ray AGN at large redshifts, identified through their mid-IR colours. This populous group of AGN was not recognized in previous X-ray surveys, but could be identified in our work due to the unique combination of survey solid angle, X-ray sensitivity, and quality of the multi-wavelength photometry. We also use the WISE and Spitzer photometry to identify a sample of 185 AGN selected purely through their mid-IR colours, most of which are not detected by ROSAT. Their redshifts and upper limits to X-ray luminosity and X-ray-to-optical flux ratios are even higher than for the new class of X-ray selected luminous type 2 AGN (AGN2); they are probably a natural extension of this sample. This unique dataset is important as a reference sample for future deep surveys in the NEP region, in particular for eROSITA and also for Euclid and SPHEREX. We predict that most of the absorbed distant AGN should be readily picked up by eROSITA, but they require sensitive mid-IR imaging to be recognized as optical counterparts.

Multiwavelength properties of 850-μm selected sources from the North Ecliptic Pole SCUBA-2 survey

“…For this purpose, we use NWAY (Salvato et al 2018 ), which is developed to identify sources with large positional uncertainty from data of better spatial resolution, e.g. identifying optical counterparts for Xray sources (Hasinger et al 2021 ). The NWAY code searches possible matches to a source within a specified search radius and calculates a probability for each object being a true counterpart based on the positional offset (i.e.…”

Multi-wavelength properties of 850-$μ$m selected sources from the North Ecliptic Pole SCUBA-2 survey

“…Thus we combine the positional offset with an additional prior to calculate a probability for an object to be a real counterpart to a submillimetre source. For this purpose, we use (Salvato et al 2018), which is developed to identify sources with large positional uncertainty from data of better spatial resolution, e.g., identifying optical counterparts for X-ray sources (Hasinger et al 2021). The code searches possible matches to a source within a specified search radius and calculates a probability for each object being a true counterpart based on the positional offset (i.e., a distance-based approach) with a possibility of combining additional characteristics such as magnitudes or colours as priors.…”

Automated algorithms to build Active Galactic Nuclei classifiers

“…Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are the brightest persistent sources in the sky and their luminosities emitted in their innermost compact regions are a sign of accretion onto supermassive black holes. X-ray surveys have helped to expand our knowledge of AGN, challenging the sensitivity limits and continuously expanding the AGN census (e.g., Nandra et al 2015;Luo et al 2017;Hasinger et al 2021). The advantage of X-ray surveys is that they allow us to detect sources obscured in other wavelengths, since X-ray spectra emitted from the nuclei do not strongly interact with surrounding material.…”