The Roots of Redlining: Academic, Governmental, and Professional Networks in the Making of the New Deal Lending Regime

Winling, LaDale C.; Michney, Todd M.

doi:10.1093/jahist/jaab066

Cited by 47 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…Interventions that empower African American parents to advocate for their children as in the case of Girl N are sorely needed. Structural racism influenced laws and policies that created adverse living conditions for African Americans and other people of color [ 27 ]. Residential segregation continues to restrict many African Americans’ access to quality education and desirable employment opportunities, thus limiting opportunities to escape poverty [ 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bernard comments that “communities exert not only a direct influence on the lives of youth but, perhaps even more importantly, exert a profound influence on the lives of the families and schools within their domain and, thus, indirectly powerfully affect the outcome for children and youth” [ 31 ]. Neighborhoods that foster resilience in youth have some if not all of the following features: “(a) safe recreational facilities, (b) educational and employment opportunities, (c) preventative health care (d) adult mentors and counselors (e) well-developed and integrated networks of social organizations (f) school-based community services, and (f) available religious communities” [ 27 ]. Youth who engage in school and community-wide activities that promote expressed social and cultural norms and a high expectation for good citizenship tend to excel in the academic setting [ 2 , 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chasing a dream against all odds

2022

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Background Youth of color growing up in poverty face many challenges that children from more affluent families never experience. These children often reside in disadvantaged neighborhoods with substandard housing, inadequate medical care, and under resourced schools. This places these children at risk for poor academic achievement, school dropout, abuse and neglect, behavioral and socioemotional problems, and physical health problems. In spite of these risks, some children “beat the odds” and overcome the challenges and adversities in their external contexts. The paper reports the findings of a draw-and-write activity designed to learn the processes whereby protective factors promote resilience from a child’s point of view. Methods In this qualitative study, a draw-and-write activity was conducted with a convenience sample of 33 children, (23 females and 10 males of which 10 were Hmong, 11 were Middle Eastern, and 12 were African Americans) .The children were asked to make visual representations of resources (persons or things that, in their view, contribute to their wellbeing.) In depth interviews with a subset of 15 of the children was conducted to discuss the meaning of the images in their drawings. A summative content analysis of the visual and narrative data was performed using a resilience framework. Results Regardless of racial/ethnic background, parents, and especially mothers, were the main “person or thing” identified by these children living in poverty as helping them “make it thus far in life.” Ninety seven percent of the participants in this study described their parent(s) as nurturing and supportive, enabling them to overcome obstacles and adversities within their environment. Forty five percent of participants identified their mother as a key anchor in their life Fifty eight percent of the African American children indicated that their parent(s) encouraged education to escape poverty. Conclusion The findings support that families, particularly parents have the strongest influence on supporting the resilience process in a child. These findings were consistent across ethnicity and gender. Families, particularly parents, should be the target of future interventions designed to produce resilient behaviors in youth of color living in poverty.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chasing a dream against all odds

2022

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“…They are also the subject of ongoing debates about the federal government's role in (re)producing racial housing segregation and inequality (Aaronson, Hartley, and Mazumder 2017;Appel and Nickerson 2016;Crossney and Bartelt 2005;Fishback et al 2021;Hillier 2003;G. D. Nelson 2021;Winling and Michney 2021;Xu 2021). However, much of these discussions-both academic and popular-have remained narrowly focused on the maps themselves, neglecting the description sheets.…”

Section: Background and Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is true in all regions of the US and is especially pronounced in the South where the majority of the US's urban Black population lived in the 1930s. Although Figure 3b makes clear that Black neighborhoods were not the only places that were redlined-the mean Black share is not above 50 percent in any region-the visible presence of any substantial number of Black residents in an area was usually sufficient for an appraiser to issue it a D grade (Freund 2007;Jackson 1980;Winling and Michney 2021).…”

Section: Figure 3bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tabulating Home Owners' Loan Corporation Area Description Sheet Data

Markley¹

2021

Preprint

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In the 1930s, the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) oversaw a massive federal program that graded thousands of urban neighborhoods. The precise aims of this infamous program are still disputed, but the grading criteria were almost certainly devised to convey the level of risk each area posed to property investors. The Digital Scholarship Lab at the University of Richmond has graciously digitized the maps and field notes produced by the HOLC and have made them freely available to the public. While these “redlining” maps have received considerable academic and media attention, the field notes used to assign risk grades—available for most cities in their “area description sheets”—remain virtually unusable for most multi-city analyses. Addressing this problem, I convert three of the most consequential variables from the description sheets for 129 cities into an accessible and analyzable tabular format. These include the average building age, Black population percentage, and “foreign-born” population percentage. In addition, I organize the description sheets into three semi-compatible tables, assisting future researchers incorporate other HOLC field note variables into their projects.

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“…Across the U.S., people of color are more likely to be housing insecure than White individuals, and these disparities were only exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic ( 38 ). This fact is linked to the racialized history of oppression in the U.S., and the legacy of redlining [the historic practice of systematic divestment in communities of color, notably with respect to mortgage lending ( 39 )] is still evident in residential segregation today ( 40 ). For example, several researchers have outlined the pathways by which historical redlining of neighborhoods of color by the U.S. government and continued discriminatory practices led to systematic neighborhood disadvantages that trickle down to educational disparities, public health concerns related to environmental hazards, concentrated poverty, higher disease prevalence, and earlier mortality [see ( 41 )].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pet-Friendly for Whom? An Analysis of Pet Fees in Texas Rental Housing

Applebaum

Horecka²,

Loney

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Previous studies have underscored the difficulty low-income pet owners often face when attempting to secure affordable rental housing. Further exacerbating this housing disparity are fees charged on top of normal monthly rent to pet owners in “pet-friendly” rental housing. In this study, we aggregated rental housing listings from the twenty most populous cities in Texas, USA from a popular online rental database. We paired the rental listings with census tract information from the American Community Survey in order to investigate economic and racial/ethnic patterns in the spatial distribution of the properties. We find that less expensive pet-friendly listings were more likely to have pet fees charged on top of rent than rental units that were more expensive. Additionally, when pet fee burden was defined as a function of average income by census tract, low-income communities and communities of color were more likely than higher income and predominantly White communities to pay disproportionately higher fees to keep pets in their homes. We also find patterns of spatial inequalities related to pet fee burden by a metric of income inequality by city. The burden of pet rental fees may contribute to both housing insecurity and companion animal relinquishment. We discuss these findings as they relate to inequalities in housing, with particular attention to marginalized and disadvantaged people with pets. We conclude with recommendations for policy and practice.

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The Roots of Redlining: Academic, Governmental, and Professional Networks in the Making of the New Deal Lending Regime

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

Chasing a dream against all odds

Chasing a dream against all odds

Tabulating Home Owners' Loan Corporation Area Description Sheet Data

Pet-Friendly for Whom? An Analysis of Pet Fees in Texas Rental Housing

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