The Roots of Ethnic Cleansing in Europe

Inequality and voting among deprived ethnic groups: evidence from India

“…The causal logic of this argument, which goes through intervening mechanisms such as social networks and policy preferences, predicts both the average income difference between groups and economic inequality within groups to shape political mobilization (Esteban and Ray 2008;Houle 2015;Huber 2017). From this perspective, it is surprising that between-group inequality has received much more attention as an underlying cause of ethnic mobilization than within-group inequality (Stewart 2008;Ostby, Nordas, and Rod 2009;Cederman, Weidmann, and Gleditsch 2011;Huber and Suryanarayan 2016;Bulutgil 2016). Our paper joins a small but growing number of studies that evaluate the impact of cross-cuttingness conceptualized as both within-group and between-group inequality on ethnic mobilization (Kuhn and Weidmann 2015;Houle, Kenny, and Park 2019;Higashijima and Houle 2018).…”

“…The second framework places ethnicity in a broader sociopolitical context that includes the other competing social cleavages. This approach emphasizes the role of differentials in wealth, culture, social status, or political power between ethnic groups (Horowitz 1985;Huber and Suryanarayan 2016;Huber 2017;Dunning and Harrison 2010;Bulutgil 2016;Houle, Kenny, and Park 2019). Our paper argues that wealth differentials, both between and within ethnic groups, cause voter incentives to vary within a group.…”

Ethnic Cleansing and Its Alternatives in Wartime: A Comparison of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires

“…Second, given their inability to access power, parties with non-ethnic agendas were also unable to prevent nationalist leaders from starting a civil war and rapidly converging on ethnic cleansing as a war strategy. 113 Are there policies that might promote the types of domestic conditions that, according to this article, can prevent ethnic cleansing? On the one hand, whether or not non-ethnic cleavages and, eventually, nonnationalist parties become inºuential in a state's political system is at least partially a function of long-term historical processes such as state formation and economic modernization.…”

The state of the field and debates on ethnic cleansing

“…In particular, these studies can be divided into two types.r' One type includes studies that treat "wars as strategic environments" in which state leaders make decisions based on the ultimate aim of winning wars and attaining territorial goals (Valentino 2004;Straus 2006;Downes 2008). The other type treats "wars as transformational forces" with the potential to shape inter-group perceptions as well as the state leaders' understanding of what constitutes a security threat (Petersen 2002;Midlarsky 2005;Bulutgil 2016).…”

“…The second perspective outlines the ways in which the pre-war socio-political conditions at the domestic or international level might impact the likelihood of ethnic cleansing. The studies that focus on the domestic level conditions argue that factors such as socio-economic cleavages that divide ethnic groups or foundational narratives that get locked-in at the beginning of state formation periods can serve as barriers against ethnic cleansing (Straus 2012(Straus , 2015Bulutgil 2016Bulutgil , 2017). 3 Theoretically, these studies make two main contributions.…”