The Rôole of Vitamin A in the Nutrition of Calves

Jones, Ian; Eckles, Clarence Henry; Palmer, Leroy S.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(26)93883-6

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…(li)), that vitamines A, B, and C do not enter into serious consideration under any conceivable natural conditions of cattle rearing. Just as the white rat can do without the antiscorbutic vitamine so.necessary for the guinea-pig, so do cattle seem to be able to dispense with an exogenous supply of vitamines B and C. While the present work was in progress, Jones, Eckles, and Palmer (12) have produced evidence to show that vitamine A is a necessary factor in the diet of young calves, but at the same time they show that even wheat straw is a good source of this vitamine for ruminants.…”

Section: Minimum Mineral Requirements In Cattlementioning

confidence: 74%

Minimum mineral requirements in cattle

Theiler¹,

Green²,

Toit³

1927

J. Agric. Sci.

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1. Records are offered of year old cattle reared to adult weight on rations of varying content in respect to calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chlorine. Minimal requirements for growth are higher in the case of phosphorus than in the case of calcium, and a ratio of P2O5 to CaO so high as three to one is not necessarily disadvantageous. Sodium requirements for growth are very low, 2 gm. Na2O being more than sufficient. Chlorine requirements are below 5 gm. per day. A relatively high ratio of potassium to sodium is not productive of specific disease. There is no good reason to suppose that excess of basic over acidic constituents is necessary in a dietary, and cattle can grow normally to full adult weight when the usual alkaline reaction of the urine is shifted to the acid side.2. Explanation of certain observed abnormalities in calving is left open, except in the case of phosphorus deficiency, in which definitely abnormal calves may be born.3. “Aphosphorosis,” or clinically recognisable phosphorus deficiency disease, is experimentally produced, and shown to be identical with the naturally occurring South African disease Styfsiekte.4. The chemical composition of the milk of animals suffering from aphosphorosis meed not mecessarily be abnormal, but the “inorganic” fraction of the blood may drop to a quarter of the normal value even before the disease can be diagnosed clinically. Other phosphorus compounds of the blood remain normally high. Blood calcium remains practically normal.5. Vitamine deficiency of the diets had no adverse effect. Exogenous requirements of cattle for vitamines A, B, and C are so low that they are covered by a few pounds of poor quality roughage, and therefore do not enter into consideration under any natural system of cattle rearing.

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Section: Minimum Mineral Requirements In Cattlementioning

confidence: 74%

Minimum mineral requirements in cattle

Theiler¹,

Green²,

Toit³

1927

J. Agric. Sci.

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show abstract

“…25 Early studies on requirements of vitamins A, D, and E for dairy calves demonstrated the critical importance of each vitamin for growth and development. 2,4,10 However, guidelines for optimal vitamin supplementation practices for calves are unclear. Here, we show that calves fed pasteurized waste-milk benefit from supplemental vitamins D and E in regards to measures of vitamin concentrations in serum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplementing pasteurized waste-milk with vitamins A, D, and E improves vitamin status of dairy calves

Blakely

Poindexter

Stuart³

et al. 2019

The Bovine Practitioner

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Holstein calves fed pasteurized waste milk were blocked by sex and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups, control with no vitamin supplementation (CON, n = 18) and 2 levels of an oral vitamins A, D, and E supplement: 0.25 mL/d of supplement (0.25ADE, n = 12) or 0.5 mL/d of supplement (0.5ADE, n = 10). The supplemented calves also received a 5 mL subcutaneous injection of vitamins A, D, and E at birth. The oral and injectable supplements contained 50,000 international units (IU) of vitamin A as retinyl-palmitate, 50,000 IU of vitamin D3, and 500 IU of vitamin E as RRR-α-tocopherol per milliliter of product. Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and a-tocopherol, but not retinol, in serum of 0.25ADE and 0.5ADE calves were greater than CON calves. We observed that supplemented calves gained less weight compared with CON calves in the first 28 d; however, height and starter grain intakes did not differ among treatments. Incidence of respiratory infection or diarrhea did not differ among groups. In conclusion, injection plus supplementation of pasteurized waste milk with vitamins A, D, and E increased concentrations of 25(OH)D and a-tocopherol in serum but decreased body weight gain, due possibly to over-supplementation of the vitamins.

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“…Several studies were subsequently reported detailing vitamin requirements of heifers. Vitamin A was shown to be indispensable for the normal growth and development of calves (Jones et al, 1926). However, calves could grow and reproduce normally on a ration that contained vitamin B insufficient to support the growth and well-being of rats; the deficit in dietary vitamin B was proposed to be synthesized by the rumen bacteria (Bechdel et al, 1926).…”

Section: Vitamins and Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First growth standards for dairy heifers are published. Eckles, 1920 Research shows that vitamin A is essential, B is produced by rumen bacteria, and heifers can synthesize vitamin C. Bechdel et al, 1926;Jones et al, 1926;Thurston et al, 1926Thurston et al, 1939 The first studies using NPN to supplement protein in growing heifer diets are conducted. Hart et al, 1939Hart et al, 1951 Feeding high energy could improve nitrogen retention of low-protein diets.…”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 100-Year Review: A century of dairy heifer research

Heinrichs

Zanton

Lascano

et al. 2017

Journal of Dairy Science

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The years 1917 to 2017 saw many advances in research related to the dairy heifer, and the Journal of Dairy Science currently publishes more than 20 articles per year focused on heifers. In general, nutrition and management changes made in rearing the dairy heifer have been tremendous in the past century. The earliest literature on the growing heifer identified costs of feeding and implications of growth on future productivity as major concepts requiring further study to improve the overall sustainability of the dairy herd. Research into growth rates and standards for body size and stature have been instrumental in developing rearing programs that provide heifers with adequate nutrients to support growth and improve milk production in first lactation. Nutrient requirements, most notably for protein but also for energy, minerals, and vitamins, have been researched extensively. Scientific evaluation of heifer programs also encouraged a dramatic shift toward a lower average age at first calving over the past 30 yr. Calving at 22 to 24 mo best balances the cost of growing heifers with their production and lifetime income potential. Increasingly, farms have become more progressive in adopting management practices based on the physiology and nutrient needs of the heifer while refining key economic strategies to be successful. Research published in the Journal of Dairy Science has an integral role in the progress of dairy heifer programs around the world.

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The Rôole of Vitamin A in the Nutrition of Calves

Cited by 22 publications

References 24 publications

Minimum mineral requirements in cattle

Minimum mineral requirements in cattle

Supplementing pasteurized waste-milk with vitamins A, D, and E improves vitamin status of dairy calves

A 100-Year Review: A century of dairy heifer research

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