The Roman Empire legacy of Galen (129–200 ad)

Shoja, Mohammadali Mohajel; Tubbs, R. Shane; Ghabili, Kamyar; Griessenauer, Christoph J.; Balch, Margaret Wood; Cuceu, Mariana

doi:10.1007/s00381-014-2467-7

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Still others have speculated that transient neurotransmitter or transient changes in autoregulation due to thermal injury may explain the syndrome ( Siffert et al, 2000 ). Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that there may in fact be more permanent white mater changes resulting from direct damage from surgical resection, axonal injury, and/or damage to the white matter from an inflammatory response ( Avula et al, 2015b , Gudrunardottir et al, 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal cerebellar diffusion tensor imaging changes in posterior fossa syndrome

McEvoy

Lee

Poliakov

et al. 2016

NeuroImage: Clinical

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Posterior fossa syndrome is a severe transient loss of language that frequently complicates resection of tumors of the cerebellum. The associated pathophysiology and relevant anatomy to this language deficit remains controversial. We performed a retrospective analysis of all cerebellar tumor resections at Seattle Children's Hospital from 2010 to 2015. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed on each of the patients as part of their clinical scan. Patients included in the study were divided into groups based on language functioning following resection: intact (N = 19), mild deficit (N = 19), and posterior fossa syndrome (N = 9). Patients with posterior fossa syndrome showed white matter changes evidenced by reductions in fractional anisotropy in the left and right superior cerebellar peduncle following resection, and these changes were still evident 1-year after surgery. These changes were greater in the superior cerebellar peduncle than elsewhere in the cerebellum. Prior to surgery, posterior fossa patients did not show changes in fractional anisotropy however differences were observed in mean and radial diffusivity measures in comparison to other groups which may provide a radiographic marker of those at greatest risk of developing post-operative language loss.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal cerebellar diffusion tensor imaging changes in posterior fossa syndrome

McEvoy

Lee

Poliakov

et al. 2016

NeuroImage: Clinical

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“…47 CE), in the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder (77 CE) and in De Differentiis Febrium of Galen (ca. 200 CE) [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Zoonotic Diseases In Ancient Times: Biological Archaeological and Literary Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of Zoonotic Diseases in the Daily Life of Ancient Pompeii and Herculaneum (79 CE, Italy): A Review of Animal–Human–Environment Interactions through Biological, Historical and Archaeological Sources

Tanga

Remigio²,

Viciano

2022

Animals

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There is no doubt that the cultural and urban environments contributed to the animal–human interaction in the daily life of the ancient Roman world. The singularity of the circumstances of the burial of Pompeii and Herculaneum, together with literary sources and the extraordinary state of preservation of the archaeological and biological material found, has provided researchers with an opportunity, unique in its kind, to reconstruct the life and ways of living of its inhabitants. This study illustrates the main drivers and mechanisms for the distribution and transmission of zoonotic diseases in these ancient Roman populations, such as (i) the large number and role that different animal species played in the ancient Roman world; (ii) the environmental conditions for the survival of parasites, pathogens and vectors; (iii) the great variety and intensity of commercial activities and occupations that presented certain risks of infections; (iv) the absence of adequate safety controls during processing, distribution and preservation of foodstuffs in unsuitable environments and some culinary habits; (v) the inadequate mechanisms of the disposal of human waste and the biotic contamination of watercourses and reservoirs; and finally (vi) the use of animals related to religious and cultural practices.

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“…Galen is recognized as the father of “Exercise in Medicine”[ 10 , 19 ] with over 500 medical Treatises[ 20 ] that provide potential documentation for the use of rope walking for rehabilitation and prehabilitation purposes. The texts considered[ 21 - 23 ] do not mention rope walking specifically as an activity, but such an activity or exercise is highly likely to have been used and can be insinuated from the following knowledge: rope walking was, as mentioned, an accepted and integral activity within Imperial Roman Society[ 4 , 6 ]; Galen is considered the “father of rehabilitation” who advocated the importance of exercise, his texts and teaching were the recognized authority for almost 1600 years[ 24 ], particularly for exercise and health[ 22 , 25 ]. Galen wrote extensively on knee injuries including loss of function and balance in athletes and Gladiators, noting that knee muscle control required considerable time to regain due to loss of muscle activation, with “wasting in the absence of local muscle or nerve damage ” [ 24 ], a reference to arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI)[ 6 , 11 , 14 , 18 ].…”

Section: Slacklining: Exercise Rehabilitation and Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Slacklining: A narrative review on the origins, neuromechanical models and therapeutic use

Gabel¹,

Guy²,

Mokhtarinia³

et al. 2021

WJO

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Slacklining, the neuromechanical action of balance retention on a tightened band, is achieved through self-learned strategies combining dynamic stability with optimal energy expenditure. Published slacklining literature is recent and limited, including for neuromechanical control strategy models. This paper explores slacklining’s definitions and origins to provide background that facilitates understanding its evolution and progressive incorporation into both prehabilitation and rehabilitation. Existing explanatory slacklining models are considered, their application to balance and stability, and knowledge-gaps highlighted. Current slacklining models predominantly derive from human quiet-standing and frontal plane movement on stable surfaces. These provide a multi-tiered context of the unique and complex neuro-motoric requirements for slacklining’s multiple applications, but are not sufficiently comprehensive. This consequently leaves an incomplete understanding of how slacklining is achieved, in relation to multi-directional instability and complex multi-dimensional human movement and behavior. This paper highlights the knowledge-gaps and sets a foundation for the required explanatory control mechanisms that evolve and expand a more detailed model of multi-dimensional slacklining and human functional movement. Such a model facilitates a more complete understanding of existing performance and rehabilitation applications that opens the potential for future applications into broader areas of movement in diverse fields including prostheses, automation and machine-learning related to movement phenotypes.

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The Roman Empire legacy of Galen (129–200 ad)

Abstract: Although it has been almost 2,000 years since Galen walked the streets of the Roman Empire, his legacy continues via multiple eponyms that bare his name.

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

Longitudinal cerebellar diffusion tensor imaging changes in posterior fossa syndrome

Longitudinal cerebellar diffusion tensor imaging changes in posterior fossa syndrome

Transmission of Zoonotic Diseases in the Daily Life of Ancient Pompeii and Herculaneum (79 CE, Italy): A Review of Animal–Human–Environment Interactions through Biological, Historical and Archaeological Sources

Slacklining: A narrative review on the origins, neuromechanical models and therapeutic use

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