The roles of the ostiole in the fig-fig wasp mutualism from a morpho-anatomical perspective

Ibarra‐Manríquez, Guillermo; Castro-Cárdenas, Nadia; Vázquez‐Santana, Sonia; Teixeira, Simone de Pádua

doi:10.1007/s10265-022-01413-9

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…(2015) and Castro‐Cárdenas et al . (2022) further demonstrated that fragrances responsible for pollinator attraction were released by glands on the bracts. Similarly, the spathe has also been shown to be an osmophore in several aroid taxa such as Arisaema (Araceae), Cryptocoryne (Araceae), and Dracontium (Araceae) (Mayo, Bogner & Boyce, 1997; Zhu & Croat, 2004).…”

Section: Pollinator Attractionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It has been demonstrated that volatiles, which host-specific pollinating fig wasps use to locate the syconia during the receptive phase, are produced by the external parts of the figs, mainly the bracts covering the ostiole, rather than by internal floral organs (Hossaert-McKey et al, 2010). Using more precise research methods (anatomy and histolocalization of substances), Souza et al (2015) and Castro-C ardenas et al (2022) further demonstrated that fragrances responsible for pollinator attraction were released by glands on the bracts. Similarly, the spathe has also been shown to be an osmophore in several aroid taxa such as Arisaema (Araceae), Cryptocoryne (Araceae), and Dracontium (Araceae) (Mayo, Bogner & Boyce, 1997;Zhu & Croat, 2004).…”

Section: Pollinator Attractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recent studies on Ficus have found that ostiolar bracts also play an important protective function through chemical defence (e.g. Souza et al, 2015;Castro-C ardenas et al, 2022). Using light and scanning electron microscopy, in combination with histolocalization, Souza et al (2015) identified five types of glands associated with the ostiolar bracts: scent glands, laticifers, phenolicproducing idioblasts, phenolic-producing epidermis, and phenolic-producing trichomes, secreting terpenes, other lipophilic substances, and phenolic compounds.…”

Section: Protection From Herbivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to visual floral signalling that contrasts with vegetation or flowers, recent studies have found that bracts of some plants provide important olfactory cues in plant–pollinator interactions (Souza et al ., 2015; Castro‐Cárdenas et al ., 2022). In the highly specialised mutualistic relationship between fig trees and their pollinating agaonid wasps, the wasps can only access the syconia (enclosed inflorescences) through the ostiole (Fig.…”

Section: Pollinator Attractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recent studies on Ficus have found that ostiolar bracts also play an important protective function through chemical defence (e.g. Souza et al ., 2015; Castro‐Cárdenas et al ., 2022). Using light and scanning electron microscopy, in combination with histolocalization, Souza et al .…”

Section: Protection From Herbivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multifunctionality of angiosperm floral bracts: a review

Song,

Chen,

Lev‐Yadun

et al. 2024

Biological Reviews

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Floral bracts (bracteoles, cataphylls) are leaf‐like organs that subtend flowers or inflorescences but are of non‐floral origin; they occur in a wide diversity of species, representing multiple independent origins, and exhibit great variation in form and function. Although much attention has been paid to bracts over the past 150 years, our understanding of their adaptive significance remains remarkably incomplete. This is because most studies of bract function and evolution focus on only one or a few selective factors. It is widely recognised that bracts experience selection mediated by pollinators, particularly for enhancing pollinator attraction through strong visual, olfactory, or echo‐acoustic contrast with the background and through signalling the presence of pollinator rewards, either honestly (providing rewards for pollinators), or deceptively (attraction without reward or even trapping pollinators). However, studies in recent decades have demonstrated that bract evolution is also affected by agents other than pollinators. Bracts can protect flowers, fruits, or seeds from herbivores by displaying warning signals, camouflaging conspicuous reproductive organs, or by providing physical barriers or toxic chemicals. Reviews of published studies show that bracts can also promote seed dispersal and ameliorate the effects of abiotic stressors, such as low temperature, strong ultraviolet radiation, heavy rain, drought, and/or mechanical abrasion, on reproductive organs or for the plants' pollinators. In addition, green bracts and greening of colourful bracts after pollination promote photosynthetic activity, providing substantial carbon (photosynthates) for fruit or seed development, especially late in a plant's life cycle or season, when leaves have started to senesce. A further layer of complexity derives from the fact that the agents of selection driving the evolution of bracts vary between species and even between different developmental stages within a species, and selection by one agent can be reinforced or opposed by other agents. In summary, our survey of the literature reveals that bracts are multifunctional and subject to multiple agents of selection. To understand fully the functional and evolutionary significance of bracts, it is necessary to consider multiple selection agents throughout the life of the plant, using integrative approaches to data collection and analysis.

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Section: Pollinator Attractionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Pollinator Attractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Protection From Herbivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pollinator Attractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Protection From Herbivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multifunctionality of angiosperm floral bracts: a review

Song,

Chen,

Lev‐Yadun

et al. 2024

Biological Reviews

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Pollinator sharing and hybridization in a pair of dioecious figs sheds light on the pathways to speciation

Huang,

Fungjanthuek,

Chen

et al. 2023

Evolution Letters

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The dynamics and processes underlying the codiversification of plant–pollinator interactions are of great interest to researchers of biodiversity and evolution. Cospeciation is generally considered a key process driving the diversity of figs and their pollinating wasps. Groups of closely related figs pollinated by separate wasps occur frequently and represent excellent opportunities to study ongoing diversification in this textbook mutualism. We study two closely related sympatric dioecious figs (Ficus heterostyla and Ficus squamosa) in Xishuangbanna, southwest China, and aim to document what is likely to be the final stages of speciation between these species using a combination of trait data and experimental manipulation. Volatile profiles at the receptive phase, crucial for attracting pollinators, were analyzed. In total, 37 and 29 volatile compounds were identified from receptive F. heterostyla and F. squamosa figs, respectively. Despite significant interspecific dissimilarity, 25 compounds were shared. Ovipositor lengths lie well within range required for access to heterospecific ovules, facilitating hybridization. Cross introduction of wasps into figs was conducted and hybrid seeds were generated for all donor/recipient combinations. F. heterostyla wasps produce adult offspring in F. squamosa figs. While F. squamosa wasps induce gall development in F. heterostyla figs and their offspring fail to mature in synchrony with their novel host. We record limited geographic barriers, minimal volatile dissimilarity, compatible morphology, complementary reproductive phenologies, and the production of hybrid seeds and wasp offspring. These findings suggest ongoing wasp specialization and reproductive isolation, potentially applicable to other related fig species.

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The roles of the ostiole in the fig-fig wasp mutualism from a morpho-anatomical perspective

Cited by 2 publications

References 42 publications

Multifunctionality of angiosperm floral bracts: a review

Multifunctionality of angiosperm floral bracts: a review

Pollinator sharing and hybridization in a pair of dioecious figs sheds light on the pathways to speciation

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