The Roles of Osteopontin in the Pathogenesis of West Nile Encephalitis

Nazneen, Farzana; Bai, Fengwei

doi:10.3390/vaccines8040748

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Discharge FIM Toileting Dependent (1) Independent (7) Shower/bathe Dependent (1) Independent (7) Upper body dressing Dependent (1) Independent (7) Lower body dressing Dependent (1) Independent (7) Rolling side to side Supervision/touching assist ( 5) Independent (7) Sit to stand Partial/moderate assist (3) Independent (7) Walking 50 ft Not attempted due to medical condition or safety Independent (7) Locomotion Not attempted due to medical condition or safety Supervision/touching assist (5)…”

Section: Category Admission Fimmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rehabilitation Outcomes in Multiple Sclerosis Patients on Ocrelizumab Diagnosed With West Nile Virus Encephalitis

Johnson,

Gandelman,

Serafin

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) has a global prevalence exceeding two million people and is a leading cause of nontraumatic physical disability. MS can be treated with ocrelizumab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common cause of mosquito-borne viral encephalitis in North America. It can lead to neuroinvasive WNV disease (WNND) affecting the brain and peripheral nervous system, especially in immunocompromised patients, such as those being treated with ocrelizumab for MS. WNND is exceedingly rare and reported in less than 1% of cases of WNV. It has been established that inpatient rehabilitation improves functional outcomes in patients with MS and those with WNND. However, the inpatient rehabilitation outcomes in patients diagnosed with both WNND and MS have not been reported.In this study, we aimed to examine the rehabilitation outcomes of MS patients on ocrelizumab diagnosed with WNND. We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with MS treated with ocrelizumab, who were diagnosed with WNND and admitted to a single facility. Rehabilitation outcomes were assessed using functional independence measure (FIM) scores on admission and discharge. Three patients met the inclusion criteria; two in acute rehab, and one in the long-term acute care hospital (LTACH). Both patients admitted to acute inpatient rehabilitation showed an improvement in FIM scores from admission to discharge, one patient from 9 to 16 and the other from 14 to 54. However, the patient admitted to the LTACH had no improvement in FIM score from admission to discharge. Patients admitted to acute rehab were ultimately discharged home, while the patient admitted to the LTACH required discharge to a subacute rehabilitation facility.Based on our findings, intense and prolonged comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation is associated with improved functional outcomes and increased likelihood of discharge to home in this population suffering from both central and peripheral nervous system involvement due to MS and WNND.

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Section: Category Admission Fimmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common cause of mosquito-borne viral encephalitis in North America [7,8]. Neuroinvasive WNV disease (WNND) is seen in <1% of cases and can manifest as encephalitis, meningitis, myelitis, flaccid paralysis, altered consciousness, and seizures [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rehabilitation Outcomes in Multiple Sclerosis Patients on Ocrelizumab Diagnosed With West Nile Virus Encephalitis

Johnson,

Gandelman,

Serafin

et al. 2024

Cureus

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“…However, the differences in its molecular weight (41–75 kDa) are explained by various posttranslational modifications [ 45 ]. Under physiological conditions, the hormone is expressed in various cells, including adipocytes, and is released to different body fluids [ 45 , 47 , 163 ]. Osteopontin signaling is mediated by its receptors: some integrins αvβ and CD44v3, v6-10 variants [ 52 , 162 ].…”

Section: Osteopontinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanoma Progression under Obesity: Focus on Adipokines

Olszańska

Pietraszek-Gremplewicz

Nowak

2021

Cancers

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Obesity is a growing problem in the world and is one of the risk factors of various cancers. Among these cancers is melanoma, which accounts for the majority of skin tumor deaths. Current studies are looking for a correlation between obesity and melanoma. They suspect that a potential cause of its development is connected to the biology of adipokines, active molecules secreted by adipose tissue. Under physiological conditions, adipokines control many processes, including lipid and glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, angiogenesis, and inflammations. However, when there is an increased amount of fat in the body, their secretion is dysregulated. This article reviews the current knowledge of the effect of adipokines on melanoma growth. This work focuses on the molecular pathways by which adipose tissue secreted molecules modify the angiogenesis, migration, invasion, proliferation, and death of melanoma cells. We also discuss the role of these factors as markers of incidence, metastasis, and melanoma patient survival. Understanding the functions of adipokines will lead to knowledge of whether and how obesity promotes melanoma growth. Further studies may contribute to the innovations of therapies and the use of adipokines as predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers.

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