The roles of nuclear myosin in the DNA damage response

Abstract

Summary Myosin within the nucleus has often been overlooked due to their importance in cytoplasmic processes and a lack of investigation. However, more recently it has been shown that their nuclear roles are just as fundamental to cell function and survival with roles in transcription, DNA damage and viral replication. Myosins can act as molecular transporters and anchors that rely on their actin binding and ATPase capabilities. Their roles within the DNA damage response can varies from a transcriptional response, moving chromatin and stabilising chromosome contacts. This review aims to highlight their key roles in the DNA damage response and how they impact nuclear organisation and transcription.

Myosin VI regulates the spatial organisation of mammalian transcription initiation

“…Therefore, we have been able to directly address why a nuclear myosin, with its biophysical properties to sense and respond to force, is required in transcription in order to hold RNAPII in situ. Overall, it would not be surprising if nuclear myosins are deployed in a similar way in other nuclear processes such as DNA repair, where myosin proteins are also known to function [42][43][44][45] .…”

The many roles of myosins in filopodia, microvilli and stereocilia

“…Myosins are a diverse family of actin-based motors found in all major eukaryotic lineages; they can drive intracellular transport, promote contractility, organize actin-based structures, generate tension and aid DNA repair, to name a few functions [10][11][12][13][14] . Myosins can be classified as processive motors, strain-sensitive anchors or tethers, or contractile motors 13 .…”

DNA damage alters nuclear mechanics through chromatin reorganization

“…Interestingly, chromatin stiffness can be modified by nucleosome epigenetics ( 15 ) and protein complexes ( 16 ). Moreover, cytoskeletal proteins are also present within the nucleus and contribute to repair ( 17 ). As with DNA damage, it is still unknown how these alterations impact the physical properties of the nucleus.…”