The Roles of Glutamine in the Intestine and Its Implication in Intestinal Diseases

Kim, Min Hyun; Kim, Hye Young

doi:10.3390/ijms18051051

Cited by 233 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…Gln supplement is already a part of guidelines on enteral nutrition and for the parenteral nutrition in pancreatitis (Kreymann et al, 2006;Gianotti et al, 2009). In the intestine, Gln is known to activate numerous mitogen-activated protein kinases and growth factors that promotes the enterocyte proliferation, maintain multiple tight-junction proteins, such as claudin-1, occluding and ZO-1, regulate the NF-kB and STAT signaling to modulate the inflammatory pathways, and prevent apoptosis and cellular stress (Kim and Kim, 2017). Numerous researches were conducted to ascertain the role of Gln in the intestine; however, the role of Glnin the field of ophthalmology is much less evaluated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effects Oncorneal Endothelium During Intracameral Irrigation Using N-(2)-l-alanyl-l-Glutamine

Jin

Wang

et al. 2020

Front. Pharmacol.

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Corneal endothelial disease is a global sight-threatening disease, and corneal transplantation using donor corneas remains the sole therapeutic option. A previous work demonstrated that N (2)-alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) protected against apoptosis and cellular stress, and maintained intestinal tissue integrity. In this pursuit, the present study aimed to examine the effect of Ala-Gln in the protection of the corneal endothelium and expand its range of potential clinical applications. Mice in the control group were intracamerally irrigated with Ringers lactate injection, whereas those in the experimental group were irrigated with Ringers lactate injection containing Ala-Gln. The mean intraocular pressure increased to 44 ± 3.5 mm Hg during intracameral irrigation (normal range 10.2 ± 0.4 mmHg). In vivo confocal microscopy results showed that the addition of Ala-Gln protected the morphology, structure, and density of the corneal endothelial cells. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) measurements showed that corneal thickness was not significantly different between the two groups, because of the immediate corneal edema after irrigation, but the addition of Ala-Gln obviously promoted the recovery of the corneal edema. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the corneal endothelial cells were severely ruptured and exfoliated in the Ringer's group accompanied with cellular edema, when compared with the Ala-Gln group. The intracameral irrigation using Ala-Gln protected the structure and expression of cytoskeleton and Na-K-ATPase, which exhibited a regular distribution and significantly increased expression in comparison to Ringer's group. Furthermore, Ala-Gln maintained the mitochondrial morphology and increased the activity of mitochondria. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy showed that intracameral irrigation of Ala-Gln reversed the ultrastructural changes induced by the acute ocular hypertension in mice. Our study demonstrates that the intracameral irrigation of Ala-Gln effectively maintained the corneal endothelial pump function and barrier function by protecting the mitochondrial function and preventing the rearrangement of cytoskeleton in acute ocular hypertension in mice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effects Oncorneal Endothelium During Intracameral Irrigation Using N-(2)-l-alanyl-l-Glutamine

Jin

Wang

et al. 2020

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…Glutamine also holds a relevant role in maintaining gut barrier integrity. For example, glutamine augments the effects of growth factors and influences cell signaling pathways involved in intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as the expression of tight junctions [48,49]. Glutamine has also exhibited anti-apoptotic properties in intestinal cells, attributed to its role in the production of glutathione [48,49].…”

Section: Glutaminementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Immunomodulating Components of Maternal Breast Milk and Protection Against Necrotizing Enterocolitis

2019

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Breast milk contains immunomodulating components that are beneficial to newborns during maturation of their immune system. Human breast milk composition is influenced by an infant’s gestational and chronological age, lactation stage, and the mother and infant’s health status. Major immunologic components in human milk, such as secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and growth factors, have a known role in regulating gut barrier integrity and microbial colonization, which therefore protect against the development of a life-threatening gastrointestinal illness affecting newborn infants called necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Breast milk is a known protective factor in the prevention of NEC when compared with feeding with commercial formula. Breast milk supplements infants with human milk oligosaccharides, leukocytes, cytokines, nitric oxide, and growth factors that attenuate inflammatory responses and provide immunological defenses to reduce the incidence of NEC. This article aims to review the variety of immunomodulating components in breast milk that protect the infant from the development of NEC.

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“…Glutamine is an essential nutrient for intestinal epithelial cell proliferation because it serves as an energy source and precursor for de novo nucleic acid and amino acid biosynthesis (DeBerardinis & Cheng, ; Kim & Kim, ). Restriction of glutamine has been shown to impair the proliferation of HT‐29 and other intestinal epithelial cell lines in vitro (Rhoads et al, ; Wiren, Magnusson, & Larsson, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase expression byHelicobacter saguini, an enterohepaticHelicobacterspecies isolated from cotton top tamarins with chronic colitis

Mannion

Shen

Feng

et al. 2018

Cellular Microbiology

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Background Helicobacter saguini is a novel enterohepatic Helicobacter species isolated from captive cotton top tamarins with chronic colitis and colon cancer. Monoassociated H. saguini infection in gnotobiotic IL‐10−/− mice causes typhlocolitis and dysplasia; however, the virulent mechanisms of this species are unknown. Gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) is an enzymatic virulence factor expressed by pathogenic Helicobacter and Campylobacter species that inhibits host cellular proliferation and promotes inflammatory‐mediated gastrointestinal pathology. The aim of this study was to determine if H. saguini expresses an enzymatically active GGT homologue with virulence properties. Experimental procedures Two putative GGT paralogs (HSGGT1 and HSGGT2) identified in the H. saguini genome were bioinformatically analysed to predict enzymatic functionality and virulence potential. An isogenic knockout mutant strain and purified recombinant protein of HSGGT1 were created to study enzymatic activity and virulence properties by in vitro biochemical and cell culture experiments. Results Bioinformatic analysis predicted that HSGGT1 has enzymatic functionality and is most similar to the virulent homologue expressed by Helicobacter bilis, whereas HSGGT2 contains putatively inactivating mutations. An isogenic knockout mutant strain and recombinant HSGGT1 protein were successfully created and demonstrated that H. saguini has GGT enzymatic activity. Recombinant HSGGT1 protein and sonicate from wild‐type but not mutant H. saguini inhibited gastrointestinal epithelial and lymphocyte cell proliferation without evidence of cell death. The antiproliferative effect by H. saguini sonicate or recombinant HSGGT1 protein could be significantly prevented with glutamine supplementation or the GGT‐selective inhibitor acivicin. Recombinant HSGGT1 protein also induced proinflammatory gene expression in colon epithelial cells. Conclusions This study shows that H. saguini may express GGT as a potential virulence factor and supports further in vitro and in vitro studies into how GGT expression by enterohepatic Helicobacter species influences the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases.

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The Roles of Glutamine in the Intestine and Its Implication in Intestinal Diseases

Cited by 233 publications

References 138 publications

Protective Effects Oncorneal Endothelium During Intracameral Irrigation Using N-(2)-l-alanyl-l-Glutamine

Protective Effects Oncorneal Endothelium During Intracameral Irrigation Using N-(2)-l-alanyl-l-Glutamine

A Review of the Immunomodulating Components of Maternal Breast Milk and Protection Against Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase expression byHelicobacter saguini, an enterohepaticHelicobacterspecies isolated from cotton top tamarins with chronic colitis

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