The roles of epigallocatechin gallate in the tumor microenvironment, metabolic reprogramming, and immunotherapy

Abstract

Cancer, a disease that modern medicine has not fully understood and conquered, with its high incidence and mortality, deprives countless patients of health and even life. According to global cancer statistics, there were an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and nearly 10 million cancer deaths in 2020, with the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of 201.0 and 100.7 per 100,000, respectively. Although remarkable advancements have been made in therapeutic strategies recently, the overall prognosis of cancer patients remains not optimistic. Consequently, there are still many severe challenges to be faced and difficult problems to be solved in cancer therapy today. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural polyphenol extracted from tea leaves, has received much attention for its antitumor effects. Accumulating investigations have confirmed that EGCG can inhibit tumorigenesis and progression by triggering apoptosis, suppressing proliferation, invasion, and migration, altering tumor epigenetic modification, and overcoming chemotherapy resistance. Nevertheless, its regulatory roles and biomolecular mechanisms in the immune microenvironment, metabolic microenvironment, and immunotherapy remain obscure. In this article, we summarized the most recent updates about the effects of EGCG on tumor microenvironment (TME), metabolic reprogramming, and anti-cancer immunotherapy. The results demonstrated EGCG can promote the anti-cancer immune response of cytotoxic lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), attenuate the immunosuppression of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and inhibit the tumor-promoting functions of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), and various stromal cells including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells (ECs), stellate cells, and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Additionally, EGCG can suppress multiple metabolic reprogramming pathways, including glucose uptake, aerobic glycolysis, glutamine metabolism, fatty acid anabolism, and nucleotide synthesis. Finally, EGCG, as an immunomodulator and immune checkpoint blockade, can enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy and may be a promising candidate for antitumor immunotherapy. In conclusion, EGCG plays versatile regulatory roles in TME and metabolic reprogramming, which provides novel insights and combined therapeutic strategies for cancer immunotherapy.

Dietary factors and their influence on immunotherapy strategies in oncology: a comprehensive review

“…EGCG has demonstrated its ability to inhibit tumor growth and proliferation by downregulating MAPK, ERK, and Akt activation inducing cell cycle arrest [ 164 ]. In addition to its previously mentioned effect on PD-1L, there is also evidence indicating that combined treatment with immunomodulatory doses of EGCG can boost the immune response of specific CD8 + T lymphocytes and CD4 + Th1 lymphocytes induced by DNA vaccine, thereby offering long-term protection against cancer [ 165 ].…”

“…Microparticle vaccines employing EGCG and aluminum ions as ligands to encase individual tumor cells efficiently stimulated dendritic cells (DCs) and notably augmented the production of Th1-related cytokines, leading to immunotherapeutic effects [ 156 ]. There is already review focusing on immunomodulatory potential of EGCG [ 164 ].…”

Recent advances in understanding the immune microenvironment in ovarian cancer

“…CAFs are significant components of the tumor stroma and are primarily distributed in the perivascular or tumor peripheral fibrous mesenchyme ( 28 , 29 ). CAFs produce cytokines, ECM components, and associated enzymes ( 30 , 31 ).…”

Unlocking the adenosine receptor mechanism of the tumour immune microenvironment

“…OMTX705 is currently undergoing Phase I clinical trials (NCT05547321). Moreover, herbal medicines such as epigallocatechin gallate and prunella vulgaris polysaccharide that regulate CAFs may also be associated with various adenosine receptor antagonists in different tumors ( 127 , 128 ). Further in vivo and in vitro studies are needed to confirm the link between adenosine receptor antagonists and drugs targeting CAFs.…”