The roles of bacteriophages in membrane-based water and wastewater treatment processes: A review

The Key Role of Modifications in Biointerfaces toward Rendering Antibacterial and Antifouling Properties in Polymeric Membranes for Water Remediation: A Critical Assessment

“…They concluded that upon imprinting the macrovoids in the pristine membranes got crushed and led to reduction of porosity and thickness of the UF membrane. [244]. Like a cationic biocide, this protein has potential capabilities in permeabilizing bacterial cells leading to good antibacterial properties.…”

“…[243] For a detailed review of bacteriophages in membrane-based water and waste water treatmen, the readers can refer to ref. [244]. Figure 10.…”

Using indicators to assess microbial treatment and disinfection efficacy

“…However, more recently attention started to be paid to their capacity to eliminate fecal indicators (e.g. Gersberg et al, 1989;Green et al, 1997;García et al, 2010;Headley et al, 2013;Wu et al, 2016). Indicators used to elucidate the removal mechanisms and efficacy of wetland systems typically include bacterial indicators, most commonly total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli, intestinal enterococci (fecal streptococci), staphylococci, Salmonella, Bdellovibrio and Clostridium perfringens (and its spores), coliphages (somatic and F-RNA specific), and these may be either naturally occurring (i.e.…”

“…According to a recent review conducted by Wu et al (2016), knowledge on the fate and removal of fecal indicator bacteria in constructed wetlands is still not sufficient due to the complexity of removal mechanisms and influencing factors. What is s more certain is that bacterial indicators such as fecal coliforms (E. coli) are poor indicators for the removal of enteric viruses in wastewater treatment ponds WTPs (Maynard et al, 1999;Verbyla and Mihelcic, 2015).…”

“…predation by nematodes and protists, antimicrobial activity of rhizome exudates, activity of lytic viruses or bacteria, entrapment within biofilms, die-off, and limiting nutrients (Axelrood et al, 1996;Brix, 1997;García and Bécares, 1997;Ottová et al, 1997;Green et al, 1997;Decamp and Warren, 1998;Decamp et al, 1999;Boutilier et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2016). However, Wu et al (2016) suggest that the most significant removal mechanisms of fecal bacteria (and pathogens) in constructed wetlands might vary depending on the particular design type of the treatment unit, the hydraulic regime, wastewater characteristics, and even the local climate. 6.1.5 Activated sludge Hamaidi et al (2014) investigated the removal efficacy of a range of different indicators (intestinal enterococci, SSRC) and bacterial pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) in a full-scale activated sludge system situated in Algeria, North Africa.…”