“…Previously, it has been suggested that achievement behaviors stem from the experiences the individual has had in previous achievement situations (e.g., Dweck & Leggett, 1988;Bandura, 1993). The significance of contextual and social factors (such as parents' beliefs in their offspring's school competence, parenting styles, and teachers' beliefs and instructional support) for the individual's choice of actions has also been acknowledged (e.g., Aunola et al, 2003; TEMPERAMENT, AFFECTS, AND BEHAVIORS 24 Pakarinen et al, 2011;Rubie-Davies, Flint, & McDonald, 2012). The results of the present study suggest that the patterns of young students' affects and behaviors in achievement situations are partly dispositional, or influenced by dispositional factors, such as temperament (e.g., Elliot & Thrash, 2002;Rothbart & Hwang, 2005).…”