Abstract. Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignancies and is associated with a dismal prognosis. Although treatment options have increased for some patients, overall progress has been modest. Thus, there is a great need to develop new treatments. We found that Baohuoside-I, a flavonoid extracted from a Chinese medicinal plant, exhibits anticancer activity. Here, we demonstrated that Baohuoside-I significantly inhibited Eca109 human esophageal squamous carcinoma cell proliferation and induced Eca109 cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The growth inhibitory effect of Baohuoside-I on the Eca109 tumor cell line was examined by MTT assay; the induction of apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Eca109-luc cells were injected into the subcutaneous tissue of nude mice to establish xenograft tumors. Our results revealed that Baohuoside-I caused a dose-and timedependent inhibition of cell growth and an induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, Baohuoside-I-treated cells were characterized by decreased expression of the β-catenin gene and protein in the total cell lysates. Thus, the gene and protein expression of the downstream elements survivin and cyclin D1 was downregulated. To determine the precise inhibitory mechanisms involved, further in-depth in vivo studies of Baohuoside-I are warranted. Our study provides the first evidence that Baohuoside-I inhibits tumor growth and induces apoptosis by inhibiting β-catenin-dependent signaling pathways. Thus, Baohuoside-I is a potential candidate in ESCC disease therapy.
IntroductionEsophageal cancer is one of the most common cancers and one of the main causes of cancer-related death in the world (1,2). Cancer of the esophagus is associated with a very poor survival rate. Even in the most developed countries, the 5-year survival rate ranges merely from 10 to 16% (3). In China, the mortality rate of esophageal cancer is ranked fourth among all cancer-related deaths, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the major histological type (4,5). Despite significant advances in screening, surgical care and chemoradiotherapy techniques, the prognosis for patients with ESCC remains poor (6,7). Thus, it is necessary to search for new treatment strategies.Herbal and natural products are valuable resources for anticancer drugs (8). Plant-derived active constituents and their semi-synthetic and synthetic analogs have served as one of the major sources for new anticancer drugs (9,10). Several plantderived anticancer agents, such as flavopiridol, acronycine, bruceantin and thalicarpine, are currently being used in clinical trials in the US (10). Thus, natural products have been the mainstay of cancer chemotherapy for the past few decades (10).Recently, by screening hundreds of traditional Chinese medicines, we found that extracts of Cortex periplocae (CP) possess cancer-preventative properties. CP is the dry root of the traditional Chinese herb Periploca sepium Bunge, referred to as Xiangjiapi in Chinese. It is a traditional type of medicine commonly used for a variety of c...