The role of wild waterfowl in the epidemiology of AI in Australia

Arzey, G.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb13090.x

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In most outbreaks of AI in Australia, direct and indirect contact between wild waterfowl and poultry has been identified as an important introduction pathway for AI [ 20 ]. In at least two of the seven Australian outbreaks of HPAI, surface drinking water contaminated with waterfowl faeces was suspected to be the source of infection [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the probability of introduction and spread of avian influenza (AI) virus in commercial Australian poultry operations using an expert opinion elicitation

et al. 2018

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The objective of this study was to elicit experts’ opinions and gather estimates on the perceived probability of introduction and spread of avian influenza (AI) virus in the Australian broiler and layer industry. Using a modified Delphi method and a 4-step elicitation process, 11 experts were asked to give initial individual estimates for the various pathways and practices in the presented scenarios using a questionnaire. Following this, a workshop was conducted to present group averages of estimates and discussion was facilitated to obtain final individual estimates. For each question, estimates for all experts were combined using a discrete distribution, with weights allocated representing the level of expertise. Indirect contact with wild birds either via a contaminated water source or fomites was considered the most likely pathway of introduction of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) on poultry farms. Presence of a water body near the poultry farm was considered a potential pathway for introduction only when the operation type was free range and the water body was within 500m distance from the shed. The probability that LPAI will mutate to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) was considered to be higher in layer farms. Shared personnel, equipment and aerosol dispersion were the most likely pathways of shed to shed spread of the virus. For LPAI and HPAI spread from farm to farm, shared pick-up trucks for broiler and shared egg trays and egg pallets for layer farms were considered the most likely pathways. Findings from this study provide an insight on most influential practices on the introduction and spread of AI virus among commercial poultry farms in Australia, as elicited from opinions of experts. These findings will be used to support parameterization of a modelling study assessing the risk of AI introduction and spread among commercial poultry farms in Australia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the probability of introduction and spread of avian influenza (AI) virus in commercial Australian poultry operations using an expert opinion elicitation

et al. 2018

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“…Sampling in Australia (and worldwide) has targeted Anseriformes and Charadriiformes (Senne 2003;Arzey 2004aArzey , 2004bArzey , 2005Bunn 2004;Tracey et al 2004;Turner 2004;East et al 2008aEast et al , 2008bMcCallum et al 2008;Sims and Turner 2008;Hamilton et al 2009), despite LPAI viruses having been found to infect more than 100 host species, in 26 families, including many whose primary habitat is not aquatic . Indeed, the question yet to be addressed is which species are reservoirs or temporary hosts for these viruses in Australia.…”

Section: What Role Do Resident Birds Play In the Ecology And Epidemiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying crucial gaps in our knowledge of the life-history of avian influenza viruses—an Australian perspective

Klaassen

Hoye

Roshier

2011

Emu - Austral Ornithology

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“…Although a shift in pathogenicity for avian influenza can occur rapidly (Brugh and Beck 1992, one or two passages;Arzey 2005), population size or density is likely to be important in determining the levels of prevalence, transmissibility and mutation rates for many viruses (e.g. rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in rabbits (Calvete and Estrada 2000;Henzell et al 2002), brucellosis in bison (Dobson and Meagher 1996), Mycoplasma gallisepticum in house sparrows (Hochachka and Dhondt 2000)), including avian influenza (Bunn 2004;Turner 2004;Pfeiffer et al 2007;Snow et al 2007).…”

Section: Risk Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk-based surveillance of avian influenza in Australia's wild birds

Tracey¹

2010

Wildl. Res.

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Context. The epidemiology of avian influenza and the ecology of wild birds are inextricably linked. An understanding of both is essential in assessing and managing the risks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI).Aims. This project investigates the abundance, movements and breeding ecology of Australia's Anseriformes in relation to the prevalence of low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) and provides risk profiles to improve the efficiency and relevance of wild-bird surveillance.Methods. Generalised linear models and analysis of variance were used to examine the determinants of Anseriformes abundance and movements in Australia, and the observed prevalence of LPAI in Australia (n = 33 139) and overseas (n = 93 344). Risk profiles were developed using poultry density, estimated LPAI prevalence, the abundance of Anseriformes, and the probability of Anseriformes moving from areas of HPAI epizootics.Key results. Analysis of Australian wild-bird surveillance data strongly supports other studies that have found the prevalence of LPAI in wild birds to be much lower (1%) in Australia than that in other countries (4.7%). LPAI prevalence was highly variable among sampling periods and locations and significantly higher in dabbling ducks than in other functional groups. Trends in Anseriformes movements, abundance and breeding are also variable, and correlated with rainfall, which could explain low prevalence and the failure to detect seasonal differences in LPAI in wild birds. Virus prevalence of faecal samples was significantly lower, whereas collecting faecal samples was 3-5 times less expensive and logistically simpler, than that of cloacal samples. Overall priority areas for on-going surveillance are provided for Australia.Conclusions. Previous surveillance has occurred in high-priority areas, with the exception of Mareeba (North Queensland), Brisbane and Darwin, and has provided valuable information on the role of wild birds in maintaining avian influenza viruses. However, several practical considerations need to be addressed for future surveillance.Implications. Long-term surveillance studies in wild birds in priority areas are required, which incorporate information on bird abundance, age, behaviour, breeding and movements, particularly for dabbling ducks. This is important to validate trends of LPAI prevalence, in understanding the main determinants for virus spread and persistence, and in predicting and managing future epizootics of HPAI in Australia.

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The role of wild waterfowl in the epidemiology of AI in Australia

Abstract: Dr Turner's correspondence (Aust Vet J82:713) requires further comments and clarification.

Cited by 4 publications

References 6 publications

Assessing the probability of introduction and spread of avian influenza (AI) virus in commercial Australian poultry operations using an expert opinion elicitation

Assessing the probability of introduction and spread of avian influenza (AI) virus in commercial Australian poultry operations using an expert opinion elicitation

Identifying crucial gaps in our knowledge of the life-history of avian influenza viruses—an Australian perspective

Risk-based surveillance of avian influenza in Australia's wild birds

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