The Role of Weather Types in Assessing the Rainfall Key Factors for Erosion in Two Different Climatic Regions

Fernández‐Raga, María; Fraile, Roberto; Palencia, Covadonga; Marcos, Elena; Castañón, Ana María; Castro, Amaya

doi:10.3390/atmos11050443

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In addition, precipitation variability is a recognized characteristic of Mediterranean environments [4] and the relationship between rainfall and atmospheric circulation, and its spatial and temporal variability have been widely studied [5,6]. Also, recent research has achieved promising results in the relationship among atmospheric pattern, runoff, and sediment yield [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin

et al. 2020

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Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin

et al. 2020

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“…It is very striking to observe the great difference in the drop-size distribution (DSD) of the simulated rainfall with the natural rain spectra obtained by Fernández-Raga [59] (Figure 10), which would adopt an exponential or gamma form [47,56,60]. Sizes smaller than 1 mm in diameter show a higher number of drops in the natural rainfall, but with drops bigger than 2 mm in diameter, the number of drops is much more comparable.…”

Section: Calibration Of Simulator Based On the Analysis Of Picturesmentioning

confidence: 81%

The Use of High-Speed Cameras as a Tool for the Characterization of Raindrops in Splash Laboratory Studies

Fernández‐Raga

Cabeza-Ortega

González-Castro

et al. 2021

Water

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Measuring the characteristics of raindrops is essential for different processes studies. There have been many methods used throughout history to measure raindrops. In recent years, automatic image recognition and processing systems have been used with high-speed cameras to characterize rainfall by obtaining the spectrum of droplet sizes and their speeds and thus being able to use this technology to calibrate rainfall simulators. In this work, two phases were carried out: in the first one, individual drops with terminal speeds of different sizes were measured and processed both in speed and in shape with a high-speed camera; and in the second phase, a calibration procedure was designed but in multidrop images, determining the characteristics of the drops produced by a rain simulator. According to results, the real shape of each drop depending on the size was determined, from round to ovaloid shapes, and the terminal velocity of water drops with different sizes was measured. Based on the rain images used to calibrate a rainfall simulator, it was observed that, with a higher intensity of rain, the drops produced were smaller, which contrasts with real rain, in which just the opposite happens. This calibration evaluates their resemblance to reality, calculates the real kinetic energy of the rain they produce and see if they can be used to model events in nature.

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“…In this area, the application of this classification was developed by Spellman [ 10 ] and Trigo and DaCamara [ 11 ], who established the location of the network of points in the Iberian Peninsula. The application relies on the determination of several indices associated with the direction and vorticity of the geostrophic flux [ 39 ], resulting in a classification into 26 weather types, as shown in Table 2 . For the whole study period, every single day was characterized by a specific weather type.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connection between Weather Types and Air Pollution Levels: A 19-Year Study in Nine EMEP Stations in Spain

Pardo

Sainz-Villegas

Calvo

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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This study focuses on the analysis of the distribution, both spatial and temporal, of the PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter of 10 µm or less) concentrations recorded in nine EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) background stations distributed throughout mainland Spain between 2001 and 2019. A study of hierarchical clusters was used to classify the stations into three main groups with similarities in yearly concentrations: GC (coastal location), GNC (north–central location), and GSE (southeastern location). The highest PM10 concentrations were registered in summer. Annual evolution showed statistically significant decreasing trends in PM10 concentration in all the stations covering a range from −0.21 to −0.50 µg m−3/year for Barcarrota and Víznar, respectively. Through the Lamb classification, the weather types were defined during the study period, and those associated with high levels of pollution were identified. Finally, the values exceeding the limits established by the legislation were analyzed for every station assessed in the study.

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The Role of Weather Types in Assessing the Rainfall Key Factors for Erosion in Two Different Climatic Regions

Cited by 5 publications

References 35 publications

Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin

Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin

The Use of High-Speed Cameras as a Tool for the Characterization of Raindrops in Splash Laboratory Studies

Connection between Weather Types and Air Pollution Levels: A 19-Year Study in Nine EMEP Stations in Spain

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