The Role of Vitamins in Neurodegenerative Disease: An Update

Abstract

Acquiring the recommended daily allowance of vitamins is crucial for maintaining homeostatic balance in humans and other animals. A deficiency in or dysregulation of vitamins adversely affects the neuronal metabolism, which may lead to neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we discuss how novel vitamin-based approaches aid in attenuating abnormal neuronal functioning in neurodegeneration-based brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Prion disease. Vitamins show their therapeutic activity in Parkinson’s disease by antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, different water- and lipid-soluble vitamins have also prevented amyloid beta and tau pathology. On the other hand, some results also show no correlation between vitamin action and the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Some vitamins also exhibit toxic activity too. This review discusses both the beneficial and null effects of vitamin supplementation for neurological disorders. The detailed mechanism of action of both water- and lipid-soluble vitamins is addressed in the manuscript. Hormesis is also an essential factor that is very helpful to determine the effective dose of vitamins. PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus were employed to conduct the literature search of original articles, review articles, and meta-analyses.

Hydrolea zeylanica improves cognitive impairment in high-fat diet fed-streptozotocin-induced diabetic encephalopathy in rats via regulating oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmission in brain

“…Retinol acetate has antioxidant activities, maintains insulin sensitivity, adipogenesis, lipid mechanism and also, it improves the function of pancreatic β-cells in diabetes subjects. It normalizes neural function, controls neural cell differentiation in the brain ( Brun et al., 2013 ; Rai et al., 2021 ). Vit K inhibits amyloid-β accumulation, and maintains cognitive function via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling pathway ( Rai et al., 2021 ).…”

“…It normalizes neural function, controls neural cell differentiation in the brain ( Brun et al., 2013 ; Rai et al., 2021 ). Vit K inhibits amyloid-β accumulation, and maintains cognitive function via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling pathway ( Rai et al., 2021 ). Dietary supplement of α-tocopherol increases antioxidant defence, anti-inflammatory activities to suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, and IL-1β and enhances cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in AD patients ( Rai et al., 2021 ).…”

Vitamin Supplementation Protects against Nanomaterial-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Damages: A Meta-Analysis of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

“…Although there had meta-analyses to demonstrate that vitamins can exert anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [ 15 , 16 , 34 ], no studies investigated their protective roles for nanomaterial-induced injuries until now. In addition, some meta-analysis results found the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of vitamins were limited and even indicated vitamins exhibited potential toxic activities [ 35 ]. Thus, to prevent the hazard events induced by nanomaterials, but not cause the abuse of health care products, this study included 19 articles and performed a meta-analysis to comprehensively evaluate the roles and mechanisms of vitamins for cells and animals exposed to nanomaterials.…”

Modified Low-Temperature Extraction Method for Isolation of Bletilla striata Polysaccharide as Antioxidant for the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease

“…Compared with a single vitamin-based option, multivitamin supplements show therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases. Multiple signaling pathways involve multiple vitamin methods that can enhance the antioxidant response [ 52 ].…”