The Role of Vitamin D in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Review of the Literature

Abstract

The dietary reference values for Vitamin D were set primarily considering its role in bone health, but with the discovery of Vitamin D receptors throughout body tissues, new links with other health conditions are now studied, such as for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This paper shall analyze and examine all new research studies carried out, especially in 2013–2015 regarding diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Vast research has been carried out to establish strong relationship between Vitamin D serum levels, supplementation, diabetes, and CVD. However, the results from researches identified in this paper are disputable. Benefits of Vitamin D adequate levels were recognized from gestational period until later in disease development such as diabetes and/or CVD, but since not all studies are in agreement further investigation is suggested. Researches conducting large randomized controlled trials, exploring range of supplement doses, with variable baseline serum Vitamin D levels, and inclusion of array of associated parameters, are still required to conduct large-scale analysis and draw conclusion as a risk factor. Until then it is possible to conclude that maintenance of serum Vitamin D levels holds advantageous aspects in diabetic and cardiovascular conditions, and people should strive to attain them.

Association between Vitamin D Status and Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors among Adults with and without Coronary Heart Disease in Saudi Arabia

“…Low levels of serum vitamin D may also contribute to insulin secretion through its direct effect on the β-cell function [35]. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency could be an indirect risk factor for CHD as it may produce serious consequences such as immunosuppressive effect and inflammatory markers [36].…”

Quantifying the mortality burden for skin cancers other than melanoma

“…2,3 TPEF, on the other hand, occurs when two incident infrared photons promote a molecule to its excited state in lieu of a single visible or ultraviolet photon. 4,5 Because TPEF also uses pulsed infrared light, it can be performed simultaneously with CARS in a multimodal microscope. Both tools are well matched for visualizing sweat dynamics, as these methods enable the rapid acquisition of images based on the concentration of specific chemical species without the need for tissue fixation, processing, or exogenous labels.…”

The role of vitamin D in dental implants osseointegration

“…Additionally, studies have found that vitamin D is markedly beneficial to the cardiovascular 16 , immune and respiratory systems 17,18 . Even though the significance of vitamin D and its involvement in bone metabolism have been well documented [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] , limited studies have been conducted on the effects of osseointegration of implants in dental patients.…”

“…Even though the significance of vitamin D and its involvement in bone metabolism have been well documented [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] , limited studies have been conducted on the effects of osseointegration of implants in dental patients. Specifically, the majority of them have been performed in animal experimental models [20][21][22][23][24][27][28][29]31 and only a small number in humans [15][16][17][18] . This literature review aims to research into potential correlations linking the osseointegration process in dental implants to low levels of vitamin D in dental patients.…”