The Role of Vitamin D on the Prognosis and Incidence of Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: The correlation between vitamin D intake and lung cancer development is controversial. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D and the prognosis and incidence of lung cancer. Methods: A comprehensive database search on Pubmed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library was carried out from the beginning to November 2020. Long-term survival and the incidence rate of patients with lung cancer were the primary outcomes of the study. Results: Ten eligible studies were selected for the meta-analysis following specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Four included studies, covering 5007 patients, compared the overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) of lung cancer patients among total vitamin D users with non-users. Significantly, the estimated pooled hazard ratio (HR) revealed that vitamin D could improve OS and RFS of lung cancer patients [HR=0.83, 95% CI (0.72-0.95); HR=0.79, 95% CI (0.61-0.97), respectively]. Vitamin D intake was inversely associated with lung cancer incidence in six studies [OR=0.90, 95% CI (0.83-0.97)]. Conclusions: The present meta-analysis shows vitamin D not only improves the long-term survival of lung cancer patients but has a beneficial effect on the incidence of lung cancer. Notwithstanding, more studies are needed to confirm the study results.

Water‐Soluble Hyperbranched Polyamidoamine Bearing Viologen Groups toward Electrochromic/Electrofluorochromic Dual‐Mode Aqueous Phase Devices

“…Its unique two-step reversible one-electron redox process results in three different redox state: a dication (V 2+ ), a radical cation (V + ), and a di-reduced neutral compound (V 0 ). [10][11][12] The viologens' remarkable electro-optical properties and electron-accepting capabilities may be fine-tuned easily through precise molecular design and synthesis, allowing them to be used in a wide range of applications such as organic dyes, electro-optical devices, molecular motors, and energy storage batteries. [13][14][15][16] Some viologen-functionalized polymers have been designed and synthesized by various synthetic techniques, which could effectively minimize the optical attenuation resulting from the crystallization of small molecular viologen derivatives, driven by the requirement for a superior EC application.…”