The Role of Vitamin D Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis and in the Modulation of the Immune System in HIV-Infected Patients

Habitual Nutrient Intake in HIV-Infected Youth and Associations with HIV-Related Factors

“…7,8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][47][48][49] For instance, Baum and colleagues found that as serum vitamin A, B 12 , and zinc status improved, CD4 cell counts increased in HIV-infected adult males. 12 This association between micronutrient sufficiency and HIV disease status has been repeated in other studies, 5,12,14,15 despite some conflicting data that investigated micronutrient intake.…”

Vitamin D and HIV Infection: A Systematic Review

“…25(OH)D3 is a better indicator of overall vitamin D status because of its expanded biological half-life and higher serum levels. Therefore the standard biomarker is 25(OH) D3 and vitamin D deficiency is present if circulating 25(OH)D3 levels are below 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L) [6,7,10,13].…”

“…At the same time, hypovitaminosis D is more frequent in HIVinfected patients. One suggested explanation is that persistent immune activation, through elevated levels of TNF-α, blocks the stimulatory parathyroid hormone (PTH) effect on renal 1-α-hydroxylase lowering 1,25(OH)2D3 in HIV-infected patients [2,6,7,19]. This may explain why HIV-positive patients co-infected with intracellular M. avium have lower levels of vitamin D in comparison with individuals that are exclusively HIV-infected [7].…”

“…In addition, vitamin D plays a crucial role in bone mineralization and calcium homeostasis, being essential not only to the skeletal but also to the immunologic response. It has been shown that hypovitaminosis D is more frequent among HIV-positive patients [2,3,[5][6][7]. Therefore a potential role of vitamin D in HIV-infected patients has been greatly investigated.…”

Vitamin D Deficiency and Altered Bone Mineral Metabolism in HIV-infected Individuals

“…The pathophysiology of vitamin D and the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency in HIV are discussed only briefly here, but can be found in greater detail elsewhere [13, 14]. This paper will primarily focus on the most important recent developments in the field of vitamin D in HIV infection.…”