The Role of Visual and Auditory Stimuli in Continuous Performance Tests: Differential Effects on Children With ADHD

Simões, Eunice N.; Carvalho, Ana Lúcia Novais; Schmidt, Sergio L.

doi:10.1177/1087054718769149

Cited by 15 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…In this regard, Egeland and Kovalik-Gran (2010) found correlations between the CPT variables and the attention subdomains. More recently, Schmidt et al (2016), Simões et al (2017), and Simões et al (2018a) have reported that attention–deficit–disorder (ADHD) patients exhibit particular deficits on CPT variables. Simões et al (2018b) further demonstrated that these deficits were associated with different attention subdomains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Brazil, the Continuous Visual Attention Test (CVAT) is commonly used for attentional assessments (Schmidt et al, 2008, 2016, 2017; Avellar et al, 2016; Simões et al, 2017; Simões et al, 2018a, b). The CVAT is a typical Go/No-go task approved for clinical use in Brazil that does not depend on IQ, has robust internal consistency and construct validity, as well as a high test–retest reliability (Schmidt and Manhães, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decrease in Attentional Performance After Repeated Bouts of High Intensity Exercise in Association-Football Referees and Assistant Referees

Schmidt

Padilla

et al. 2019

Front. Psychol.

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Referees and assistant referees are submitted to high physical stress during matches. Pressure to make decisions in front of large crowds is another potential stressor. These two stressors can impair attention executive control, depending on physical fitness and individual vulnerability or resilience to situational pressure. Error percentage for referees and assistants may reach around 14% during a soccer match. Although previous studies have suggested that soccer referees and assistants should take cognitive assessments, they are only required by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) to demonstrate knowledge of the rules and pass annually in a fitness test (FIFA-Test). This study aimed to assess attention performance in referees and assistants before and after the mandatory FIFA-Test. It is hypothesized that the high physical demands associated with the pressure to pass the FIFA-Test would interfere with attention performance. The sample included 33 referees and 20 assistants. The Continuous Visual Attention Test (CVAT) consisted of a 15-min Go/No-go task. Performance in the CVAT is based on four variables: omission and commission errors, reaction time, and variability of reaction time (VRT). Failure in the CVAT was defined by a performance below the 5th percentile of the age- and sex-matched normative data in at least one variable of the CVAT. Before the FIFA-Test all participants performed the CVAT. The second CVAT began 3–7 min directly following completion of the FIFA-test. Considering only the officials who passed both the FIFA-Test and the first CVAT (19 referees and 15 assistants), 44% (9 referees and 6 assistants) exhibited a performance decline in the second CVAT. A significant increase in VRT was found after the high intensity exercise. As increase in VRT is thought to reflect executive dysfunctions and lapses of attention, we concluded that physical fitness alone may not be enough to help officials cope with the physical and contextual stresses associated with the FIFA-Test. These data suggest that over 35% of soccer referees and their assistants who were considered physically able to referee matches may not be mentally prepared for the attentional demands of refereeing soccer matches.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decrease in Attentional Performance After Repeated Bouts of High Intensity Exercise in Association-Football Referees and Assistant Referees

Schmidt

Padilla

et al. 2019

Front. Psychol.

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“…Egeland and Kovalik-Gran ( 28 ) found correlations between CPT variables and attention subdomains. More recently, Simões et al ( 29 ) and Schmidt et al ( 30 ) have reported that ADHD patients exhibit particular deficits on CPT variables. These authors further demonstrated that the deficits were associated with different attention subdomains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, the continuous visual attention test (CVAT) is a typical CPT validated for clinical use in Brazil ( 31 ). The CVAT has extensively been used in several neurological disorders such as ADHD ( 29 , 30 ) and chronic pain fibromyalgia ( 32 ). It does not depend on the patient's IQ and there is no learning effect during retests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Attention Subdomains in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients

et al. 2018

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Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by apnea–hypopnea during sleep. Overnight polysomnography (PSG) is usually used to detect the frequency of apneic and hypopneic events. Attention and executive deficits are commonly reported in OSA patients. Previous investigations suggested that cognitive impairments were dependent on attention deficits. However, attention is not a unitary domain and consists of different subdomains such as alertness, sustained attention, focused attention, and executive attention (impulsivity/hyperactivity). Little is known about the attention subdomains affected in OSA. Attention is commonly assessed using continuous performance tests, such as the continuous visual attention test (CVAT). Distinct variables can be derived from the CVAT. Each CVAT variable is associated with a specific attention subdomain.Objective: This study aimed to examine the variables of the CVAT that are affected by OSA and to identify the most reliable CVAT variable that distinguishes OSA from controls via discriminant analysis.Method: Patients scheduled to perform a PSG were invited to participate in this study. Immediately before the PSG, they performed the CVAT. Based on the PSG results, 27 treatment-naïve OSA patients were sampled. The same number of healthy controls were selected to match the two groups by age and gender. Five CVAT variables were examined: commission errors, omission errors, reaction time (RT), variability of reaction time (VRT), and coefficient of variability (VRT/RT).Results: ANCOVAs indicated that RT and VRT were affected by OSA. No difference in accuracy (omission and commission errors) was observed between healthy controls and OSA patients. When the VRT measurements were corrected for their respective RT values (VRT/RT), the mean difference on this coefficient did not reach significance. The discriminant analysis indicated that the two groups could be best differentiated by the RT variable.Conclusions: Attention problems, commonly observed in OSA patients, may reflect a primary problem on the alertness subdomain. The CVAT was able to detect the primary (alertness—RT parameter) and the secondary deficits (sustained attention—VRT parameter) associated with OSA. As there is no learning effect in the condition of retests, the CVAT can be used to assess the cognitive recovery in OSA patients during treatment.

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“…Owing to the difference between primary auditory and visual perceptual systems, attention may be modality specific (Khaleghi, Zarafshan, & Mohammadi, 2019; Waddington et al, 2018). Some investigations have simultaneously obtained visual and auditory attention profiles for patients with ADHD (Moreno-Garcia, Delgado-Pardo, & Roldan-Blasco, 2015; Schmidt, Simoes, & Novais Carvalho, 2019; Simoes, Carvalho, & Schmidt, 2018). Lin et al (2017) used the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) as a primary assessment tool and found that the impairment of visual attention is more serious than that of auditory attention in children with ADHD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity of Visual and Auditory Attention Tests for Detecting ADHD

et al. 2019

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Objective: This investigation examines the discriminative validity of visual and auditory attention tests for differentiating patients with ADHD from healthy control participants. Method: A total of 107 ADHD patients and 58 healthy control participants were recruited. Visual and auditory attention profiles were obtained using the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition (CPT3) and Conners’ Continuous Auditory Test of Attention (CATA), respectively. Results: We found that ADHD patients underperformed healthy controls on all CPT3 and CATA indexes, except Response Style and Hit Reaction Time. The CPT3, CATA, and CPT3 plus CATA all significantly differentiate ADHD patients and controls. CPT3 plus CATA had a greater sensitivity (82.6%), specificity (76%), positive predictive value (88.8%), negative predictive value (65.5%), and overall correct classification rate (80.6%) than CPT3 or CATA alone. Conclusion: Neuropsychological tests CPT3 and CATA provide objective information about cases of ADHD and should be used routinely for clinical assessment.

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The Role of Visual and Auditory Stimuli in Continuous Performance Tests: Differential Effects on Children With ADHD

Abstract: Auditory parameters in the inattention domain (OE and VRT) can discriminate ADHD from controls. For the hyperactive/impulsive domain (CE), the two modalities are equally important.

Cited by 15 publications

References 42 publications

Decrease in Attentional Performance After Repeated Bouts of High Intensity Exercise in Association-Football Referees and Assistant Referees

Decrease in Attentional Performance After Repeated Bouts of High Intensity Exercise in Association-Football Referees and Assistant Referees

Analysis of Attention Subdomains in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients

Validity of Visual and Auditory Attention Tests for Detecting ADHD

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