The role of viruses in cancer development versus cancer therapy: An oncological perspective

Abstract

Despite great medical advances, oncological research is still looking for novel therapeutic approaches due to the limitation of conventional therapeutic agents. Virotherapy is one of these new emerging therapeutic approaches that attract attention with their widespread applications. Virotherapy use lives oncolytic viruses or genetically engineered viruses that selectively infect the tumor cells, replicate, and disrupt the cancerous cells that also induce their anticancer activity by stimulating the host antitumor immune response. Moreover, viruses are widely used as target delivery vectors for specifically delivering different genes, therapeutic agents, and immune‐stimulating agents. In addition to having antitumor activity by themselves in combination with conventional therapeutic agents like immune therapy and chemotherapy, Virotherapy agents also elicit promising outcomes. Therefore, in addition to their promising result in monotherapy use, virotherapy agents can also be used in combination with conventional cancer therapy, epigenetic modulators, and even microRNAs without any cross‐resistance, which allows the patient not to be deprived of her routine medicine. Still, this combination therapy reduces the adverse effect of the conventional therapies. All together suggest that virotherapy agents as novel potential agents in the field of cancer therapy.

RGD peptide in cancer targeting: Benefits, challenges, solutions, and possible integrin–RGD interactions

“…[119][120][121][122] Producing RGD peptides using recombinant DNA technology in bacterial (e.g., E.coli), yeast (e.g., Pichia pastoris), insect cells (e.g., baculovirus system), or mammalian cell cultures can provide higher yields compared to traditional chemical synthesis methods at lower costs per batch. [123][124][125][126][127] Efficient bioconjugation strategies such as click chemistry allow for site-specific attachment of functional moieties like PEG chains without requiring additional protection/deprotection steps during peptide synthesis. 38,[128][129][130] By adopting these strategies individually or in combination, it is possible to overcome the complexity and cost challenges associated with the synthesis of RGD peptides without compromising their therapeutic potential.…”

“…For longer or more complex RGD‐containing peptides or proteins, chemical ligation techniques like native chemical ligation (NCL) enable the convergent assembly of multiple smaller peptide fragments with greater synthetic accessibility 119–122 . Producing RGD peptides using recombinant DNA technology in bacterial (e.g., E.coli), yeast (e.g., Pichia pastoris), insect cells (e.g., baculovirus system), or mammalian cell cultures can provide higher yields compared to traditional chemical synthesis methods at lower costs per batch 123–127 . Efficient bioconjugation strategies such as click chemistry allow for site‐specific attachment of functional moieties like PEG chains without requiring additional protection/deprotection steps during peptide synthesis 38,128–130 …”

A new era in cancer treatment: harnessing ZIF-8 nanoparticles for PD-1 inhibitor delivery

“…It has shown success in treating a variety of cancers, including melanoma, lung cancer, and blood-related malignancies. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The main focus of immunotherapy is on modulating immune checkpoints, molecules that regulate the immune response. One such checkpoint is the programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1), often overexpressed in cancer cells.…”

Application of oncolytic virus in tumor therapy

“…OV therapy is that OV can selectively replicate in tumor cells and lyse them. In recent years, a lot of OV therapies have been applied to clinical studies in many countries and there is no obvious adverse reaction, indicating that they are fully applicable to tumor patients of different countries and races, which are shown in Table 1 20 . At present, the main ways of OV administration include local administration, intertumoral administration, and intravenous administration, respectively 21 .…”

“…In recent years, a lot of OV therapies have been applied to clinical studies in many countries and there is no obvious adverse reaction, indicating that they are fully applicable to tumor patients of different countries and races, which are shown in Table 1. 20 At present, the main ways of OV administration include local administration, intertumoral administration, and intravenous administration, respectively. 21 Local and intertumoral administration can accurately deliver OVs to some superficial tumors but the effect is poor for tumors with distant metastasis.…”