The role of veterinarians and feed-store vendors in the prescription and use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in rural Peru

Redding, Laurel E.; Barg, Frances K.; Smith, Gary; Galligan, D.T.; Levy, Michael Z.; Hennessy, Sean

doi:10.3168/jds.2013-7045

Cited by 22 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…The dairy farmers preferred this informal supply chain as well, since it provides direct access to medications perceived to be effective, without the accompanying costs, both in terms of money and time, of consulting a veterinarian. Similar findings were reported in a study from Peru where farmers preferred prescription as well as purchase of drug from other channels such as direct purchase from pharmacies and feed-store vendors [ 42 ]. Consequently, the farmers often contacted the pharmaceutical representatives directly when they needed to explore options for treating their animals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The social biography of antibiotic use in smallholder dairy farms in India

Chauhan

George

Chatterjee

et al. 2018

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control

130

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BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been identified as one of the major threats to global health, food security and development today. While there has been considerable attention about the use and misuse of antibiotics amongst human populations in both research and policy environments, there is no definitive estimate of the extent of misuse of antibiotics in the veterinary sector and its contribution to AMR in humans. In this study, we explored the drivers ofirrational usage of verterinary antibiotics in the dairy farming sector in peri-urban India.Methods and materialsThe study was conducted in the peri-urban belts of Ludhiana, Guwahati and Bangalore. A total of 54 interviews (formal and non-formal) were carried out across these three sites. Theme guides were developed to explore different drivers of veterinary antimicrobial use. Data was audio recorded and transcribed. Analysis of the coded data set was carried out using AtlasTi. Version 7. Themes emerged inductively from the set of codes.ResultsFindings were presented based on concept of ‘levels of analyses’. Emergent themes were categorised as individual, health systems, and policy level drivers. Low level of knowledge related to antibiotics among farmers, active informal service providers, direct marketing of drugs to the farmers and easily available antibiotics, dispensed without appropriate prescriptions contributed to easy access to antibiotics, and were identified to be the possible drivers contributing to the non-prescribed and self-administered use of antibiotics in the dairy farms.ConclusionsSmallholding dairy farmers operated within very small margins of profits. The paucity of formal veterinary services at the community level, coupled with easy availability of antibiotics and the need to ensure profits and minimise losses, promoted non-prescribed antibiotic consumption. It is essential that these local drivers of irrational antibiotic use are understood in order to develop interventions and policies that seek to reduce antibiotic misuse.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The social biography of antibiotic use in smallholder dairy farms in India

Chauhan

George

Chatterjee

et al. 2018

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control

130

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“…While it was unclear from these interviews why so few active ingredients were used, veterinarians interviewed on antibiotic use in Cajamarca in a previous study (Redding et al, 2013) mentioned that a limited number of active ingredients were available on the market and that farmers were often accustomed to using the same products repeatedly. Subsequent studies would need to be conducted to determine the degree of resistance to these antibiotics that exists on these farms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While 80.4% of farmers reported always following the dosage recommended by the veterinarian or feed-store vendor, it is not clear whether the appropriate dosages were actually prescribed and followed. Indeed, in a previous work (Redding et al, 2013), veterinarians and feed-store vendors in Cajamarca cited underdosing as a serious problem and mentioned sometimes under-prescribing because of limited economic means of farmers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in rural Peru

Redding

Cubas-Delgado

Sammel

et al. 2014

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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Very little is known about the use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in lower/middle-income countries. The use of these drugs can have profound impacts on animal health, farmer income and public health. A survey of 156 farmers was conducted in Cajamarca, a major dairy-producing center in the highlands of Peru characterized by small farms (<15 cows) to assess patterns and determinants of antibiotic use and farmers’ knowledge of antibiotics. The reported incidence of disease on these farms was relatively low (0.571 episodes of disease per cow-year), but more than 83% of the reported episodes were treated with antibiotics. The most commonly used antibiotics were oxytetracycline, penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole drugs; antiparasitic drugs were also used to treat what were likely bacterial infections. An increased incidence of treated disease was significantly associated with smaller farm size, lower farmer income, the previous use of the Californian Mastitis test on the farm and antibiotic knowledge. Farmers’ knowledge of antibiotics was assessed with a series of questions on antibiotics, resulting in a “knowledge score”. Increased knowledge was significantly associated with the use of antibiotics for preventative reasons, the purchase of antibiotics from feed-stores, the experience of complications in animals after having administered antibiotics, the number of workers on the farm and the educational level of the farmer. Overall, antibiotics appeared to be used infrequently, most likely because therapeutic interventions were sought only when the animal had reached an advanced stage of clinical disease. Few farmers were able to define an antibiotic, but many farmers understood that the use of antibiotics carried inherent risks to their animals and potentially to the consumers of dairy products from treated animals. The results of this study are useful for understanding the patterns of antibiotic use and associated management, demographic and knowledge factors of farmers on small dairy farms in rural Peru.

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“…When camel products are consumed, the drug-resistant foodborne organisms are then transmitted to human consumers, thus posing a food safety and public health issue. Inappropriate and inefficient use of veterinary drugs has been reported to have devastating effects on animal disease management (Redding et al 2013). …”

Section: Treatment Of Camels and Other Livestockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Camel health management and pastoralists’ knowledge and information on zoonoses and food safety risks in Isiolo County, Kenya

et al. 2017

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Camel health management has implications for public health and camel product trade. After liberalization of the veterinary service, current camel health management in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALS) of Kenya and its implications for public health is not known. This study investigated camel health management and its implications on zoonoses and food safety in Isiolo County, Kenya. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 150 households, 15 agro-veterinary shops, 15 community-based animal health workers (CBAHWs) and 10 veterinary officers to collect information on camel health management. The main occupation and source of household income for the pastoral communities is camel-keeping (45.3%). Pastoralists self-medicate camels and other livestock (45.8%), which can lead to between over-dosing, under-dosing or wrong drug use. The CBAHWs, traditional animal health service providers (TAHSPs), government veterinary officers and private veterinary officers play a minimum role. Private veterinary services have not taken root in the ASALs. The sources of knowledge and information on the veterinary drug to use are experience (57.4%), non-governmental organizations (NGO) (41.1%) or CBAHWs (32.1%). The majority of pastoralists (72.5%) do not keep camel or other livestock treatment records. The constraints in purchasing veterinary drugs are expensive drugs, accessibility to drugs and availability of money. Pastoralists refer to veterinary drugs by their brand names but not by active ingredients. As reported by pastoralists, focus group discussion and key informant interviews, antibiotics used were adamycine (33.3%), ampicilline (26.7%), penicillin (14.4%), tetracycline (12.2%), amoxylin (11.1%) and penstrip (2.2%). The common camel diseases were trypanosomiasis, brucellosis, mastitis, diarrhoea, worm infestation, camel pox and tuberculosis. The public health risk factors were the presence of veterinary drug residues in camel products and development of resistant zoonotic organisms/diseases. It was concluded that current camel health management has serious implications for public health and food safety, and hence the camel product trade.

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The role of veterinarians and feed-store vendors in the prescription and use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in rural Peru

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

The social biography of antibiotic use in smallholder dairy farms in India

The social biography of antibiotic use in smallholder dairy farms in India

The use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in rural Peru

Camel health management and pastoralists’ knowledge and information on zoonoses and food safety risks in Isiolo County, Kenya

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