The role of unpasteurized hawked milk in the transmission of brucellosis in Eldoret municipality, Kenya

Namanda, Augustine Taban; Kakai, Rose; Otsyula, Mary

doi:10.3855/jidc.122

Cited by 15 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The present study determined risk factors for human brucellosis among occupationally linked household members in Borena pastoral region. Studies in Kenya by Namanda et al [63] and in Tanzania by John et al [64] have reported occupation as a risk factor for acquiring brucellosis, whereby animal handlers and associated professionals were the most susceptible groups. In our study, it was revealed that 98.8% of participants had no knowledge of brucellosis.…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brucellosis in ruminants and pastoralists in Borena, Southern Ethiopia

et al. 2020

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Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease that has important veterinary and public health consequences as well as economic impact in sub Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four selected districts of Borena Pastoral setting in Southern Ethiopia from October 2017 to February 2018 to estimate the prevalence of brucellosis and assess associated risk factors in cattle, sheep, goats and occupationally associated humans. A total of 750 cattle, 882 sheep and goats and 341 human subjects were screened for evidence of brucellosis using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) with positive results confirmed by Competitive-ELISA(c-ELISA). Structured questionnaires were used for collection of metadata from individual animals, herders and animal attendants to test the association between explanatory and outcome variables. The overall animal level prevalence was 2.4% (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.4-3.7) in cattle, 3.2% (95% CI: 2.1-4.6) in sheep and goats, and 2.6% (95% CI: 1.2-5) in humans occupationally linked to livestock production systems. Herd size, parity, and history of abortion were risk factors associated with Brucella seropositivity (P<0.05) in cattle whereas in sheep and goats the results showed that district, age group, flock size, and history of abortion were significantly associated risk factors with Brucella seropositivity (P<0.05). Assisting calving and presence of seropositive animals in a household (P<0.05) were significantly associated with Brucella seropositivity in humans. Evidence of brucellosis in various animal species and the associated human population illustrates the need for a coordinated One Health approach to controlling brucellosis so as to improve public health and livestock productivity.

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Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consumption of unpasteurized milk was reported to be a risk factor for acquiring brucellosis in human [63,65,66]. Practices of consuming raw milk among Borena pastoral communities is due to a belief that boiling a milk would reduce its nutritional content.…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brucellosis in ruminants and pastoralists in Borena, Southern Ethiopia

et al. 2020

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Systematic review of brucellosis in Kenya: disease frequency in humans and animals and risk factors for human infection

et al. 2016

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BackgroundBrucellosis is a debilitating zoonotic disease affecting humans and animals. A comprehensive, evidence-based assessment of literature and officially available data on animal and human brucellosis for Kenya are missing. The aim of the current review is to provide frequency estimates of brucellosis in humans, animals and risk factors for human infection, and help to understand the current situation in Kenya.MethodsA total of accessible 36 national and international publications on brucellosis from 1916 to 2016 were reviewed to estimate the frequency of brucellosis in humans and animals, and strength of associations between potential risk factors and seropositivity in humans in Kenya.ResultsThe conducted studies revealed only few and fragmented evidence of the disease spatial and temporal distribution in an epidemiological context. Bacteriological evidence revealed the presence of Brucella (B.) abortus and B. melitensis in cattle and human patients, whilst B. suis was isolated from wild rodents only. Similar evidence for Brucella spp infection in small ruminants and other animal species is unavailable. The early and most recent serological studies revealed that animal brucellosis is widespread in all animal production systems. The animal infection pressure in these systems has remained strong due to mixing of large numbers of animals from different geographical regions, movement of livestock in search of pasture, communal sharing of grazing land, and the concentration of animals around water points. Human cases are more likely seen in groups occupationally or domestically exposed to livestock or practicing risky social-cultural activities such as consumption of raw blood and dairy products, and slaughtering of animals within the homesteads. Many brucellosis patients are misdiagnosed and probably mistreated due to lack of reliable laboratory diagnostic support resulting to adverse health outcomes of the patients and routine disease underreporting. We found no studies of disease incidence estimates or disease control efforts.ConclusionThe risk for re-emergence and transmission of brucellosis is evident as a result of the co-existence of animal husbandry activities and social-cultural activities that promote brucellosis transmission. Well-designed countrywide, evidence-based, and multidisciplinary studies of brucellosis at the human/livestock/wildlife interface are needed. These could help to generate reliable frequency and potential impact estimates, to identify Brucella reservoirs, and to propose control strategies of proven efficacy.

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Risk factors for human brucellosis in agro-pastoralist communities of south western Uganda: a case–control study

2015

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BackgroundBrucellosis is a zoonosis of veterinary, public health and economic significance in most developing countries. The disease can result in permanent and disabling sequelae and considerable medical expenses in addition to loss of income due to loss of working hours. A case–control study was conducted in Nyabushozi, Kiruhura district, Uganda, so as to determine the risk factors for transmission of brucellosis to humans in these communities.MethodsWe conducted a matched case–control study among participants in a previous study who were positive by the standard Serum Agglutination Test with titres ≥1:160. Controls were two neighbors for each case, matched by sex and age. A structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data on potential risk factors for brucellosis. Categorical variables were presented as proportions and their associations determined by Chi-square test. Bivariate analysis was performed to explore associations between the disease and the risk factors of brucellosis. Conditional logistic regression models were fitted to estimate independent associations between the disease and the risk factors using Odds Ratios and 95 % confidence intervals.ResultsA total of 45 cases and 90 controls were interviewed. Of the 45 cases, 21 (46.7 %) were male while 44/90 (48.9 %) of the controls were female. The most significant risk factors for infection being an agro-pastoralist (P = 0.05), consumption of raw cow ghee (P = 0.03) and consumption of unpasteurized milk (P = 0.02).ConclusionThe greatest risk factors for acquiring brucellosis in the study area were being an agro-pastoralist, consumption of raw cow ghee and consumption of unboiled milk. We recommend dissemination of health education packages regarding risks and prevention measures for brucellosis in these communities.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1361-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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The role of unpasteurized hawked milk in the transmission of brucellosis in Eldoret municipality, Kenya

Cited by 15 publications

References 13 publications

Brucellosis in ruminants and pastoralists in Borena, Southern Ethiopia

Brucellosis in ruminants and pastoralists in Borena, Southern Ethiopia

Systematic review of brucellosis in Kenya: disease frequency in humans and animals and risk factors for human infection

Risk factors for human brucellosis in agro-pastoralist communities of south western Uganda: a case–control study

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