The Role of the Status of Selected Micronutrients in Shaping the Immune Function

Elmadfa, Ibrahim; Meyer, Alexa

doi:10.2174/1871530319666190529101816

Cited by 116 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…Branched-chain amino acids can maintain the hairy morphology of the intestines and increase intestinal immunoglobulin levels, thereby improving the intestinal barrier. 117 , 118 , 119 Therefore, high-quality proteins are an essential component of an anti-inflammatory diet. Nutritional dietary components known to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties include omega-3 fatty acids with high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity, including vitamin C, vitamin E, and phytochemicals such as carotenoids and polyphenols that are widely present in plant-based foods.…”

Section: Changes In the Gut Microbiota Composition Through Diet To Dementioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal symptoms associated with COVID-19: impact on the gut microbiome

Villapol

2020

Translational Research

300

302

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the greatest worldwide pandemic since the 1918 flu. The consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are devastating and represent the current major public health issue across the globe. At the onset, SARS-CoV-2 primarily attacks the respiratory system as it represents the main point of entry in the host, but it also can affect multiple organs. Although most of the patients do not present symptoms or are mildly symptomatic, some people infected with SARS-CoV-2 that experience more severe multiorgan dysfunction. The severity of COVID-19 is typically combined with a set of comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and/or advanced age that seriously exacerbates the consequences of the infection. Also, SARS-CoV-2 can cause gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain during the early phases of the disease. Intestinal dysfunction induces changes in intestinal microbes, and an increase in inflammatory cytokines. Thus, diagnosing gastrointestinal symptoms that precede respiratory problems during COVID-19 may be necessary for improved early detection and treatment. Uncovering the composition of the microbiota and its metabolic products in the context of COVID-19 can help determine novel biomarkers of the disease and help identify new therapeutic targets. Elucidating changes to the microbiome as reliable biomarkers in the context of COVID-19 represent an overlooked piece of the disease puzzle and requires further investigation. (Translational Research 2020; 226:57À69) Abbreviations: ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; ACE2 = Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme II; CNS = central nervous system; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; CPR = C-reactive protein; H1N1 = influenza A virus; IL = Interleukin; MERS = Middle East respiratory syndrome; PRS = proteomic risk score; SARS = severe acute respiratory syndrome; SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SCFA = short-chain fatty acids; RAS = renin-angiotensin system; ROS = Reactive oxygen species; RT-PCR = reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; TMPRSS2 = transmembrane serine protease 2; TNFa = tumor necrosis factor alpha;

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Section: Changes In the Gut Microbiota Composition Through Diet To Dementioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal symptoms associated with COVID-19: impact on the gut microbiome

Villapol

2020

Translational Research

300

302

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“… 18 Essential micronutrients like vitamins A, D, E, C, B 6 , B 12 , and folate and trace elements such as iron, zinc, and selenium, available in a variety of fresh animal- and plant-based foods, aid the body’s ability to fight infections. 19 , 20 Health and survival are increasingly dependent on the functioning of the immune system. Mechanistically, a rapid innate immune response occurs through phagocytes when a pathogen assaults the living system, but an adaptive immune response more specifically identifies the invading pathogen.…”

Section: Nutrition and Immune Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional perspectives for the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19

et al. 2020

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Worldwide, there is an array of clinical trials under way to evaluate treatment options against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Concurrently, several nutritional therapies and alternative supportive treatments are also being used and tested to reduce the mortality associated with acute respiratory distress in patients with COVID-19. In the context of COVID-19, improved nutrition that includes micronutrient supplementation to augment the immune system has been recognized as a viable approach to both prevent and alleviate the severity of the infection. The potential role of micronutrients as immune-boosting agents is particularly relevant for low- and middle-income countries, which already have an existing high burden of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. A systematic literature review was performed to identify nutritional interventions that might prevent or aid in the recovery from COVID-19. The PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched electronically from February to April 2020. All abstracts and full-text articles were examined for their relevance to this review. The information gathered was collated under various categories. Deficiencies of micronutrients, especially vitamins A, B complex, C, and D, zinc, iron, and selenium, are common among vulnerable populations in general and among COVID-19 patients in particular and could plausibly increase the risk of mortality. Judicious use of need-based micronutrient supplementation, alongside existing micronutrient fortification programs, is warranted in the current global pandemic, especially in low- and middle-income economies.

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“…While infection rates are still evident in warm weather environments, optimal immune function is also dependent upon a variety of nutritional factors, in addition to regular sunlight exposure to increase vitamin D levels (51). Vitamin D can act as an immune modulator, prevent excessive expression of inflammatory cytokines, increase the "oxidative burst" potential of macrophages, stimulate the expression of anti-microbial peptides in neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer cells, and in epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract where they play a protective role (52).…”

Section: Other Lifestyle Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%