The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations

Leuchtmann, Aurel B.; Adak, Volkan; Dilbaz, Sedat; Handschin, Christoph

doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.709807

Cited by 48 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 298 publications

(347 reference statements)

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“…LIF appears to have beneficial effects against muscle atrophy and is a new biomarker and therapeutic target for sarcopenia obesity ( 13 ). In one study, it was reported that LIF production and secretion increase with electrical stimulation and overload, and then regulate hypertrophy via the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 axis ( 80 ) ( Figure 1 ). It was stated that LIF is essential for the hypertrophic response because there is no muscle growth in animals without LIF.…”

Section: Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (Lif)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was stated that LIF is essential for the hypertrophic response because there is no muscle growth in animals without LIF. It then was claimed that LIF acts specifically on muscle fibers because the administration of LIF for 4 weeks only causes soleus hypertrophy, while extensor digitorum longus muscles had needed a β2-adrenoreceptor agonist to respond to growth ( 80 ). This myokine is released by acute aerobic and resistance training.…”

Section: Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (Lif)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was also stated that LIF has the potential to treat muscular diseases such as muscular dystrophy due to increased myoblast survival ( 75 ). In humans, one session of resistance training overexpresses LIF mRNA, while not altering circulating LIF levels ( 80 ). Studies have shown that LIF mRNA levels in muscles increased 9-fold 6 hours after resistance training while returning to pre-training levels 24 hours after training.…”

Section: Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (Lif)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apelin and the receptor of apelin are expressed in many tissues, such as adipose tissue and muscle ( 80 ). Aplin binds to the APJ receptor, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family ( 100 ).…”

Section: Apelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aplin stimulates the phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and interacts with the insulin signaling pathway ( 100 ). Thus, apelin is involved in regulating glucose and fat metabolism as well as insulin sensitivity ( 80 ). Apelin stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and protein synthesis by activating AMPK, AKT, and P70S6K in individuals with sarcopenia ( 101 ) ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Apelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise Therapy for People With Sarcopenic Obesity: Myokines and Adipokines as Effective Actors

Pahlavani

2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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Sarcopenic obesity is defined as a multifactorial disease in aging with decreased body muscle, decreased muscle strength, decreased independence, increased fat mass, due to decreased physical activity, changes in adipokines and myokines, and decreased satellite cells. People with sarcopenic obesity cause harmful changes in myokines and adipokines. These changes are due to a decrease interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-15 (IL-15), insulin-like growth factor hormone (IGF-1), irisin, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), adiponectin, and apelin. While factors such as myostatin, leptin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and resistin increase. The consequences of these changes are an increase in inflammatory factors, increased degradation of muscle proteins, increased fat mass, and decreased muscle tissue, which exacerbates sarcopenia obesity. In contrast, exercise, especially strength training, reverses this process, which includes increasing muscle protein synthesis, increasing myogenesis, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, increasing brown fat, reducing white fat, reducing inflammatory factors, and reducing muscle atrophy. Since some people with chronic diseases are not able to do high-intensity strength training, exercises with blood flow restriction (BFR) are newly recommended. Numerous studies have shown that low-intensity BFR training produces the same increase in hypertrophy and muscle strength such as high-intensity strength training. Therefore, it seems that exercise interventions with BFR can be an effective way to prevent the exacerbation of sarcopenia obesity. However, due to limited studies on adipokines and exercises with BFR in people with sarcopenic obesity, more research is needed.

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Section: Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (Lif)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (Lif)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (Lif)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Apelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Apelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise Therapy for People With Sarcopenic Obesity: Myokines and Adipokines as Effective Actors

Pahlavani

2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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Interleukin‐6 potentiates endurance training adaptation and improves functional capacity in old mice

Leuchtmann

Furrer

Steurer

et al. 2022

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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Background Interventions to preserve functional capacities at advanced age are becoming increasingly important. So far, exercise provides the only means to counteract age‐related decrements in physical performance and muscle function. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of exercise interventions in elderly populations is hampered by reduced acceptance and compliance as well as disuse complications. We therefore studied whether application of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), a pleiotropic myokine that is induced by skeletal muscle activity and exerts broad systemic effects in response to exercise, affects physical performance and muscle function alone or in combination with training in aged mice. Methods Sedentary old male mice (Sed+Saline, n = 15) were compared with animals that received recombinant IL‐6 (rIL‐6) in an exercise‐mimicking pulsatile manner (Sed+IL‐6, n = 16), were trained with a moderate‐intensity, low‐volume endurance exercise regimen (Ex+Saline, n = 13), or were exposed to a combination of these two interventions (Ex+IL‐6, n = 16) for 12 weeks. Before and at the end of the intervention, mice underwent a battery of tests to quantify endurance performance, muscle contractility in situ, motor coordination, and gait and metabolic parameters. Results Mice exposed to enhanced levels of IL‐6 during endurance exercise bouts showed superior improvements in endurance performance (33% more work and 12% greater peak power compared with baseline), fatigue resistance in situ (P = 0.0014 vs. Sed+Saline; P = 0.0199 vs. Sed+IL‐6; and P = 0.0342 vs. Ex+Saline), motor coordination (rotarod performance, P = 0.0428), and gait (gait speed, P = 0.0053) following training. Pulsatile rIL‐6 treatment in sedentary mice had only marginal effects on glucose tolerance and some gait parameters. No increase in adverse events or mortality related to rIL‐6 treatment was observed. Conclusions Administration of rIL‐6 paired with treadmill running bouts potentiates the adaptive response to a moderate‐intensity low‐volume endurance exercise regimen in old mice, while being safe and well tolerated.

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Exploiting the therapeutic potential of contracting skeletal muscle-released extracellular vesicles in cancer: Current insights and future directions

Pinto,

Tavares,

Neves

et al. 2024

J Mol Med

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The health benefits of exercise training in a cancer setting are increasingly acknowledged; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. It has been suggested that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from contracting skeletal muscles play a key role in mediating the systemic benefits of exercise by transporting bioactive molecules, including myokines. Nevertheless, skeletal muscle-derived vesicles account for only about 5% of plasma EVs, with the immune cells making the largest contribution. Moreover, it remains unclear whether the contribution of skeletal muscle-derived EVs increases after physical exercise or how muscle contraction modulates the secretory activity of other tissues and thus influences the content and profile of circulating EVs. Furthermore, the destination of EVs after exercise is unknown, and it depends on their molecular composition, particularly adhesion proteins. The cargo of EVs is influenced by the training program, with acute training sessions having a greater impact than chronic adaptations. Indeed, there are numerous questions regarding the role of EVs in mediating the effects of exercise, the clarification of which is critical for tailoring exercise training prescriptions and designing exercise mimetics for patients unable to engage in exercise programs. This review critically analyzes the current knowledge on the effects of exercise on the content and molecular composition of circulating EVs and their impact on cancer progression.

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The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations

Cited by 48 publications

References 298 publications

Exercise Therapy for People With Sarcopenic Obesity: Myokines and Adipokines as Effective Actors

Exercise Therapy for People With Sarcopenic Obesity: Myokines and Adipokines as Effective Actors

Interleukin‐6 potentiates endurance training adaptation and improves functional capacity in old mice

Exploiting the therapeutic potential of contracting skeletal muscle-released extracellular vesicles in cancer: Current insights and future directions

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