The role of the pod in seed development: strategies for manipulating yield

Bennett, Emma; Roberts, Jeremy A.; Wagstaff, Carol

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03714.x

Cited by 156 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 142 publications

(315 reference statements)

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“…The prevention of pods from shattering is also a promising strategy for increasing the yields in some other crops, such as Brassica napus and Lotus corniculatus (49). To date, however, no agronomic achievement has been reported based on the use of the Arabidopsis shattering-resistance genes identified for fruit patterning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular basis of a shattering resistance boosting global dissemination of soybean

Funatsuki

Suzuki

Hirose

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

184

223

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Pod dehiscence (shattering) is essential for the propagation of wild plant species bearing seeds in pods but is a major cause of yield loss in legume and crucifer crops. Although natural genetic variation in pod dehiscence has been, and will be, useful for plant breeding, little is known about the molecular genetic basis of shattering resistance in crops. Therefore, we performed map-based cloning to unveil a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling pod dehiscence in soybean. Fine mapping and complementation testing revealed that the QTL encodes a dirigent-like protein, designated as Pdh1. The gene for the shattering-resistant genotype, pdh1, was defective, having a premature stop codon. The functional gene, Pdh1, was highly expressed in the lignin-rich inner sclerenchyma of pod walls, especially at the stage of initiation in lignin deposition. Comparisons of near-isogenic lines indicated that Pdh1 promotes pod dehiscence by increasing the torsion of dried pod walls, which serves as a driving force for pod dehiscence under low humidity. A survey of soybean germplasm revealed that pdh1 was frequently detected in landraces from semiarid regions and has been extensively used for breeding in North America, the world's leading soybean producer. These findings point to a new mechanism for pod dehiscence involving the dirigent protein family and suggest that pdh1 has played a crucial role in the global expansion of soybean cultivation. Furthermore, the orthologs of pdh1, or genes with the same role, will possibly be useful for crop improvement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular basis of a shattering resistance boosting global dissemination of soybean

Funatsuki

Suzuki

Hirose

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

184

223

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“…Because the functional leaf area declines rapidly during seed filling, silique wall photosynthesis is the main source of nutrition for seed growth (46). Moreover, signals originating from the silique wall coordinate seed filling and regulate reallocation of reserves (45). SL has been significantly correlated with SW variation (47).…”

Section: Arf18 Acts As a Repressor Of Auxin-responsive Genes By Formingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In rapeseed, the silique wall not only is an important sink organ that assimilates the carbohydrates synthesized in the vegetative parts of the plant such as leaves and stem but also is an important source organ that provides photosynthates to the developing seeds (45). Because the functional leaf area declines rapidly during seed filling, silique wall photosynthesis is the main source of nutrition for seed growth (46).…”

Section: Arf18 Acts As a Repressor Of Auxin-responsive Genes By Formingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural variation in ARF18 gene simultaneously affects seed weight and silique length in polyploid rapeseed

Liu

Hua

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

183

140

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Seed weight (SW), which is one of the three major factors influencing grain yield, has been widely accepted as a complex trait that is controlled by polygenes, particularly in polyploid crops. Brassica napus L., which is the second leading crop source for vegetable oil around the world, is a tetraploid (4×) species. In the present study, we identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome A9 of rapeseed in which the genes for SW and silique length (SL) were colocated. By fine mapping and association analysis, we uncovered a 165-bp deletion in the auxin-response factor 18 (ARF18) gene associated with increased SW and SL. ARF18 encodes an auxinresponse factor and shows inhibitory activity on downstream auxin genes. This 55-aa deletion prevents ARF18 from forming homodimers, in turn resulting in the loss of binding activity. Furthermore, reciprocal crossing has shown that this QTL affects SW by maternal effects. Transcription analysis has shown that ARF18 regulates cell growth in the silique wall by acting via an auxin-response pathway. Together, our results suggest that ARF18 regulates silique wall development and determines SW via maternal regulation. In addition, our study reveals the first (to our knowledge) QTL in rapeseed and may provide insights into gene cloning involving polyploid crops.seed weight | silique length | ARF18 | cell growth | maternal effect T he rapid growth of the world population has increased the global requirement for food, which in turn warrants significant improvement in crop grain yield. As one of the three direct factors influencing crop grain yield, seed weight (SW) has been widely accepted as a complex trait that is controlled by polygenes. Therefore understanding the genetic and molecular basis of SW is extremely important for crop-improvement programs.The size of seeds is influenced by a variety of cellular processes (1). In Arabidopsis, some mutants such as ap2, arf2, da1, eod3, ttg2, and klu control seed size mainly by regulating cell elongation in the integument surrounding the seed (1-5). In mini3, iku1, iku2, and shb1 mutants, premature cellularization or proliferation of the endosperm in the early phase of seed development affects seed mass (6-10). The met1 gene has been determined to have parent-of-origin effects on seed size because of the loss of methylation in cytosine residues in CG islands (11). In rice, a total of 47 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for grain length and 48 for grain width have been identified (12). Recent studies have shown that certain genes such as GW2, GIF1, qSW5, GS3, GS5, GW8, and qGL3 regulate grain size (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Among these, GW2 and qSW5 were determined to regulate grain weight by increasing cell number in the outer glume, whereas the others affected grain weight by directly regulating cell division and/or cell expansion of grain. Despite this progress, no genes responsible for SW have been identified in polyploid crops.Polyploidy is produced by the multiplication of a single genome (autopolyploid) or the c...

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“…1 Pod length and width are positively correlated with final seed size. 2 In soybean, cultured seeds continue to grow compared with seeds in pod, which suggests that soybean seed growth is physically suppressed by the pod wall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of light quality on pod elongation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Tanaka

Ario

Nakagawa

et al. 2017

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Effects of light quality on pod elongation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)Seiya Tanaka a , Nobuyuki Ario a , Andressa Camila Seiko Nakagawa a , Yuki Tomita a , Naoki Murayama a , Takatoshi Taniguchi ABSTRACTSoybean pods are located at the nodes, where they are in the shadow, whereas cowpea pods are located outside of the leaves and are exposed to sunlight. To compare the effects of light quality on pod growth in soybean and cowpea, we measured the length of pods treated with white, blue, red or far-red light. In both species, pods elongated faster during the dark period than during the light period in all light treatments except red light treatment in cowpea. Red light significantly suppressed pod elongation in soybean during the dark and light periods. On the other hand, the elongation of cowpea pods treated with red light markedly promoted during the light period. These results suggested that the difference in the pod set sites between soybean and cowpea might account for the difference in their red light responses for pod growth. IntroductionPods encapsulate the developing seeds and protect them from pests and pathogens. 1 Pod length and width are positively correlated with final seed size. 2 In soybean, cultured seeds continue to grow compared with seeds in pod, which suggests that soybean seed growth is physically suppressed by the pod wall. 3 Decreasing of soybean pod size by brasinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor resulted in reduction of 100-seed weight. 4 These data suggest that seed weight could be controlled by restriction of pod growth. However, the mechanisms of pod growth have not yet been clarified even though 100-seed weight is one of the crucial yield components in legume.Light is an important environmental signal that regulates plant growth and development. Blue light (BL), red light (RL), and far red light (FRL), which are sunlight components, regulate plant growth. Plants perceive BL via the photoreceptors cryptochromes (CRY1 and CRY2) and phototropins (phot1 and phot2), and RL and FRL via phytochromes (phyA-phyE). 5-7 Arabidopsis hypocotyl elongation is induced in the dark and is inhibited by light. 8 BL and RL suppress Arabidopsis hypocotyl growth through the CRY1 and phyB photosensory pathways, respectively. 9,10 In soybean, RL increases plant height, 11 and BL suppresses stem elongation. 12 Soybean pods are located at the nodes and receive weakened sunlight due to shading, whereas cowpea pods are located outside of the leaves and receive sunlight directly (Fig. 1). However, the effects of light on pod growth of soybean and cowpea has never been studied so far. Therefore, we investigated the effects of light quality on pod growth in these species. Results and discussionTo investigate the effects of light on pod growth in soybean and cowpea, we treated the plants with WL or monochromatic light (BL, RL or FRL). The elongation rate of soybean and cowpea pods was higher during the dark period than during the light period in all light treatments (Fi...

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The role of the pod in seed development: strategies for manipulating yield

Cited by 156 publications

References 142 publications

Molecular basis of a shattering resistance boosting global dissemination of soybean

Molecular basis of a shattering resistance boosting global dissemination of soybean

Natural variation in ARF18 gene simultaneously affects seed weight and silique length in polyploid rapeseed

Effects of light quality on pod elongation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

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