The role of the piriform cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy: A current literature review

Chee, Keanu; Razmara, Ali; Geller, Andrew M.; Harris, Wesley R.; Restrepo, Diego; Thompson, John A.; Kramer, Daniel R.

doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.1042887

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…The probabilistic maps show a rather high overlap in the reference space that makes them an efficient tool in studying the structural correlates of olfactory processing in healthy subjects and patients. The maps of the piriform allocortex and amygdala can be relevant in studies of autism [75,76], Alzheimer's disease [35,36,77,78] and Parkinson's diseases [31,[79][80][81][82], posttraumatic stress disorder [83], dysosmia [20,[84][85][86], and epilepsy [13,41,[87][88][89][90][91]. They can help to decipher a specific or shared role of the piriform periallocortex in aspects of olfactory processing, e.g., matching the odor with a suitable linguistic label [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytoarchitectonic Analysis and 3D Maps of the Mesial Piriform Region in the Human Brain

Kedo,

Bludau,

Schiffer

et al. 2024

Anatomia

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The mesial piriform region plays a central role in olfaction. Its small size and complex geometry, however, make it a difficult target in functional neuroimaging studies, while histological maps often represent schematic drawings, which are not compatible with requirements for modern imaging. To bridge this gap, cytoarchitectonic analysis and mapping of the region was performed in serial histological sections over their full extent in 10 postmortem brains. The temporobasal areas PirTBd and PirTBv and temporal areas PirTu and PirTit were identified and analyzed. Probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps of the piriform areas in MNI reference space and high-resolution maps of the amygdala-piriform region on the BigBrain model were calculated as part of the Julich-Brain. Differences in the cytoarchitectonic “texture” of the region were quantified based on the Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix. Results showed that allocortical areas were not consistently associated with the rostral Limen insulae, although it was often suggested as a landmark in neuroimaging protocols. PirTu was associated with the uncal tip. PirTit was the largest area, reaching to the temporal pole, with a “temporal” (caudal) and a “temporopolar” (rostral) part having complex neighborhood relationships. The probabilistic maps reflect interindividual variability; they are openly available via the digital EBRAINS platform to serve as an anatomical reference for studies related to olfaction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytoarchitectonic Analysis and 3D Maps of the Mesial Piriform Region in the Human Brain

Kedo,

Bludau,

Schiffer

et al. 2024

Anatomia

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“…We first performed immunohistochemical investigation to evaluate whether hypoxia activates microglia and minocycline blocks hypoxia-induced microglial activation in the piriform cortex, which is the crucial epileptogenic site in humans and rodents (Piredda and Gale, 1985 ; Vismer et al, 2015 ; Chee et al, 2022 ). We used eight adult male C57BL/6 mice aged 7.0 ± 0.0 weeks (mean ± SD).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minocycline prevents hypoxia-induced seizures

Fukushi

Ikeda

Takeda

et al. 2023

Front. Neural Circuits

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Severe hypoxia induces seizures, which reduces ventilation and worsens the ictal state. It is a health threat to patients, particularly those with underlying hypoxic respiratory pathologies, which may be conducive to a sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Recent studies provide evidence that brain microglia are involved with both respiratory and ictal processes. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that microglia could interact with hypoxia-induced seizures. To this end, we recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) and acute ventilatory responses to hypoxia (5% O2 in N2) in conscious, spontaneously breathing adult mice. We compared control vehicle pre-treated animals with those pre-treated with minocycline, an inhibitory modulator of microglial activation. First, we histologically confirmed that hypoxia activates microglia and that pre-treatment with minocycline blocks hypoxia-induced microglial activation. Then, we analyzed the effects of minocycline pre-treatment on ventilatory responses to hypoxia by plethysmography. Minocycline alone failed to affect respiratory variables in room air or the initial respiratory augmentation in hypoxia. The comparative results showed that hypoxia caused seizures, which were accompanied by the late phase ventilatory suppression in all but one minocycline pre-treated mouse. Compared to the vehicle pre-treated, the minocycline pre-treated mice showed a delayed occurrence of seizures. Further, minocycline pre-treated mice tended to resist post-ictal respiratory arrest. These results suggest that microglia are conducive to seizure activity in severe hypoxia. Thus, inhibition of microglial activation may help suppress or prevent hypoxia-induced ictal episodes.

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“…Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a new, minimally invasive technology that has been shown to be effective in treating temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). It uses a laser through an inserted optical fiber to ablate the epileptogenic focus (63). However, this type of treatment also damages the targeted tissue, causing a decline in brain function and memory, although it is less invasive than surgery (64).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial low-intensity ultrasound stimulation for treating central nervous system disorders: A promising therapeutic application

Ye²,

Liang³

et al. 2023

Front. Neurol.

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Transcranial ultrasound stimulation is a neurostimulation technique that has gradually attracted the attention of researchers, especially as a potential therapy for neurological disorders, because of its high spatial resolution, its good penetration depth, and its non-invasiveness. Ultrasound can be categorized as high-intensity and low-intensity based on the intensity of its acoustic wave. High-intensity ultrasound can be used for thermal ablation by taking advantage of its high-energy characteristics. Low-intensity ultrasound, which produces low energy, can be used as a means to regulate the nervous system. The present review describes the current status of research on low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (LITUS) in the treatment of neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, essential tremor, depression, Parkinson's disease (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review summarizes preclinical and clinical studies using LITUS to treat the aforementioned neurological disorders and discusses their underlying mechanisms.

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The role of the piriform cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy: A current literature review

Cited by 5 publications

References 91 publications

Cytoarchitectonic Analysis and 3D Maps of the Mesial Piriform Region in the Human Brain

Cytoarchitectonic Analysis and 3D Maps of the Mesial Piriform Region in the Human Brain

Minocycline prevents hypoxia-induced seizures

Transcranial low-intensity ultrasound stimulation for treating central nervous system disorders: A promising therapeutic application

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