The Role of the Microbiota Gut–Liver Axis during HCV Chronic Infection: A Schematic Overview

Marascio, Nadia; De, Carmen; Quirino, Angela; Mazzitelli, Maria; Russo, Emilio; Torti, Carlo; Matera, Giovanni

doi:10.3390/jcm11195936

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Similar changes (growth of Bacilli and Proteobacteria and decreased abundance of Clostridia) are observed in HCV infection [51,85,86], which presents in 0.7% of the population [1]. Endotoxemia, which indicates molecular bacterial translocation, is also observed in chronic hepatitis C [85][86][87]. In chronic HBV infection, which affects approximately 300 million people worldwide [1], a decrease in the content of Clostridia and the growth of Bacilli were observed in the gut microbiota.…”

Section: Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier In Chronic Liver Disea...mentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier In Chronic Liver Disea...mentioning

confidence: 82%

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Gut Microbiota and Bacterial Translocation in the Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis

Maslennikov,

Poluektova,

Zolnikova

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Cirrhosis is the end result of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. Studying the mechanisms of its development and developing measures to slow down and regress it based on this knowledge seem to be important tasks for medicine. Currently, disorders of the gut–liver axis have great importance in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis. However, gut dysbiosis, which manifests as increased proportions in the gut microbiota of Bacilli and Proteobacteria that are capable of bacterial translocation and a decreased proportion of Clostridia that strengthen the intestinal barrier, occurs even at the pre-cirrhotic stage of chronic liver disease. This leads to the development of bacterial translocation, a process by which those microbes enter the blood of the portal vein and then the liver tissue, where they activate Kupffer cells through Toll-like receptor 4. In response, the Kupffer cells produce profibrogenic cytokines, which activate hepatic stellate cells, stimulating their transformation into myofibroblasts that produce collagen and other elements of the extracellular matrix. Blocking bacterial translocation with antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and other methods could slow down the progression of liver fibrosis. This was shown in a number of animal models but requires further verification in long-term randomized controlled trials with humans.

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Section: Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier In Chronic Liver Disea...mentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier In Chronic Liver Disea...mentioning

confidence: 82%

Gut Microbiota and Bacterial Translocation in the Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis

Maslennikov,

Poluektova,

Zolnikova

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…Gut dysbiosis is a medical condition that happens when there is a microbial imbalance in a person's intestines. Gut microbiota or their metabolites improve or aggravate the progression of multiple liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV), 34 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), 35 NAFLD, 36 ALD, 37 other-induced liver disease 38 and HCC 39 (Fig. 2) through several mechanisms, 40 including changes in the intestinal permeability, 41 short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 42 long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), 43 fastinginduced adipocyte factor (FIAF), choline metabolism, 44,45 ethanol production, 46 and BAs metabolism 47,48 (Fig.…”

Section: Mechanisms Linking the Gut-liver Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut liver brain axis in diseases: the implications for therapeutic interventions

Yan,

Man,

Sun

et al. 2023

Sig Transduct Target Ther

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Gut-liver-brain axis is a three-way highway of information interaction system among the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and nervous systems. In the past few decades, breakthrough progress has been made in the gut liver brain axis, mainly through understanding its formation mechanism and increasing treatment strategies. In this review, we discuss various complex networks including barrier permeability, gut hormones, gut microbial metabolites, vagus nerve, neurotransmitters, immunity, brain toxic metabolites, β-amyloid (Aβ) metabolism, and epigenetic regulation in the gut-liver-brain axis. Some therapies containing antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), polyphenols, low FODMAP diet and nanotechnology application regulate the gut liver brain axis. Besides, some special treatments targeting gut-liver axis include farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists, takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonists and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) analogs. Targeting gut-brain axis embraces cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), antidepressants and tryptophan metabolism-related therapies. Targeting liver-brain axis contains epigenetic regulation and Aβ metabolism-related therapies. In the future, a better understanding of gut-liver-brain axis interactions will promote the development of novel preventative strategies and the discovery of precise therapeutic targets in multiple diseases.

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“…After receiving direct-acting antiviral therapy, nonindigenous and pathogenic taxa, including Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus , and Enterococcus , decreased in the gut of cirrhotic individuals with hepatitis C. Nonetheless, a recent study found that HCV patients did not have significant GM changes, and HCV eradication with direct-acting antivirals was not associated with significant and beneficial modulation of intestinal microbiota. 20 21 Table 1 depicts the key features associated with GM changes in HBV and HCV infection.…”

Section: Role Of Gut Microbiota In Liver Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Microbial Therapeutics for Liver Disease

Philips,

Augustine

2023

Journal of Gastrointestinal Infections

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The human gut contains many microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Patients with liver disorders have altered intestinal flora and disrupted gut barriers. The role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of many liver disorders is apparent from preclinical models and clinical studies. High-quality studies showed that people with acute or chronic liver disorders of various etiologies, such as non–alcohol- and alcohol-related liver disease, chronic hepatitis virus infection, chronic cholestatic liver disease, and liver cirrhosis and related complications, have less diverse gut flora and associated perturbed microbial functional metabolism. In this review, we discuss unique therapeutic strategies for various liver diseases that involve manipulating the gut microbiota using various methods. We provide a summary of the most recent information on untargeted methods for treating liver illnesses, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and precision microbiome-centered treatments (e.g., engineered microbes). Recent research suggests that altering the gut microbiota in various ways might slow the onset of liver disease and lessen the associated clinical complications. Growing evidence suggests that antimicrobial therapy with rifaximin can beneficially alter the gut microbiome to reduce hepatic encephalopathy, portal hypertension, and systemic inflammation in decompensated cirrhosis. At the same time, a healthy donor stool transplant improves transplant-free survival in severe alcohol-associated hepatitis, prevents hepatic encephalopathy, and reduces incident and intercurrent infections and multidrug resistance in decompensated cirrhosis.

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The Role of the Microbiota Gut–Liver Axis during HCV Chronic Infection: A Schematic Overview

Cited by 9 publications

References 62 publications

Gut Microbiota and Bacterial Translocation in the Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis

Gut Microbiota and Bacterial Translocation in the Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis

Gut liver brain axis in diseases: the implications for therapeutic interventions

Review: Microbial Therapeutics for Liver Disease

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