The Role of the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate in Stimulus-Response Association Reversals

Parris, Benjamin A.; Thai, Ngoc Jade; Benattayallah, Abdelmalek; Summers, Ian R.; Hodgson, Timothy L.

doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.13

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…ACC activity was significantly enhanced for informative cues compared with uninformative cues. This finding is consistent with previous brain- imaging reports showing enhanced ACC activity in response to informative task or stimulus cues in a variety of task situations (Murtha et al, 1996;Luks et al, 2002;Weissman et al, 2005;Dosenbach et al, 2006;Parris et al, 2007). Previously, electrophysiological recordings from monkey cortex provided evidence for task-related preparatory activation in ACC neurons (Johnston et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Anticipatory Activity in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Can Be Independent of Conflict and Error Likelihood

Aarts¹,

Roelofs²,

Turennout³

2008

J. Neurosci.

135

139

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Previous studies have found no agreement on whether anticipatory activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) reflects upcoming conflict, error likelihood, or actual control adjustments. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the nature of preparatory activity in the ACC. Informative cues told the participants whether an upcoming target would or would not involve conflict in a Stroop-like task. Uninformative cues provided no such information. Behavioral responses were faster after informative than after uninformative cues, indicating cue-based adjustments in control. ACC activity was larger after informative than uninformative cues, as would be expected if the ACC is involved in anticipatory control. Importantly, this activation in the ACC was observed for informative cues even when the information conveyed by the cue was that the upcoming target evokes no response conflict and has low error likelihood. This finding demonstrates that the ACC is involved in anticipatory control processes independent of upcoming response conflict or error likelihood. Moreover, the response of the ACC to the target stimuli was critically dependent on whether the cue was informative or not. ACC activity differed among target conditions after uninformative cues only, indicating ACC involvement in actual control adjustments. Together, these findings argue strongly for a role of the ACC in anticipatory control independent of anticipated conflict and error likelihood, and also show that such control can eliminate conflict-related ACC activity during target processing. Models of frontal cortex conflict-detection and conflict-resolution mechanisms require modification to include consideration of these anticipatory control properties of the ACC.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Anticipatory Activity in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Can Be Independent of Conflict and Error Likelihood

Aarts¹,

Roelofs²,

Turennout³

2008

J. Neurosci.

135

139

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This could be consistent with the study of Parris, Thai, Benattayallah, Summers, & Hodgson (2007) of cued task switching where ACC activation were most salient to instructional cues rather than to the stimuli to be responded to. We cannot directly address this relationship here given that our task was not designed to isolate activations related to the cues.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Task Context and Frontal Lobe Activation in the Stroop Task

Floden

Vallesi

Stuss

2011

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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The ability to step outside a routine--to select a new response over a habitual one--is a cardinal function of the frontal lobes. A large body of neuroimaging work now exists pointing to increased activation within the anterior cingulate when stimuli evoke competing responses (incongruent trials) relative to when responses converge (congruent trials). However, lesion evidence that the ACC is necessary in this situation is inconsistent. We hypothesized that this may be a consequence of different task procedures (context) used in lesion and neuroimaging studies. The present study attempted to reconcile the lesion and the fMRI findings by having subjects perform clinical and experimental versions of the Stroop task during BOLD fMRI acquisition. We examined the relationship of brain activation patterns, specifically within the anterior cingulate and left dorsolateral frontal regions, to congruent and incongruent trial types in different task presentations or contexts. The results confirmed our hypothesis that ACC activity is relatively specific to unblocked-uncued incongruent Stroop conditions that have not been used in large neuropsychological studies. Moreover, the size of the behavioral Stroop interference effect was significantly correlated with activity in ACC and left dorsolateral regions, although in different directions. The current results are discussed in terms of previous proposals for the functional roles of these regions in activating, monitoring, and task setting, and the relation of these findings to the disparate reports in recent case series is considered.

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“…For example, regions in the inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and the IFJ all seem to be associated with rule switching and it is not apparent from the table that there is a clear association between different kinds of rules and PFC regions. For the most part, the peak coordinate appears to reside primarily in the IFJ or left BA 9, either in the inferior or middle frontal gyrus rather than BA 46 (although see Konishi, et al, 2001, Sylvester, et al, 2003and Parris, et al, 2007. In contrast, we found a more anterior region in BA 46 to be engaged by rule shifts.…”

contrasting

confidence: 43%

Shifting set about task switching: Behavioral and neural evidence for distinct forms of cognitive flexibility

2008

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Task switching is an important aspect of cognitive control and understanding its underlying mechanisms is the focus of considerable research. In this paper, we contrast two different kinds of task switching paradigms and provide evidence that different cognitive mechanisms underlie switching behavior depending on whether the switch is between sets of rules (rule switch) or sets of features presented simultaneously (perceptual switch). In two experiments, we demonstrate that behavioral effects (Experiment 1) and neural recruitment (Experiment 2) vary with the type of switch performed. While perceptual switch costs occurred when the alternative feature set was physically present, rule switch costs were observed even in their absence. Rule switching was also characterized by larger target repetition effects and by greater engagement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, perceptual switching was associated with greater recruitment of the parietal cortex. These results provide strong evidence for multiple forms of switching and suggest the limitations of generalizing results across shift types. KeywordsExecutive function; cognitive control; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; superior parietal cortex; fMRI The ability to switch tasks rapidly is important for responding flexibly in a changing environment (Miller & Cohen, 2001). Both behavioral and neuroscientific investigators have sought to understand how people disengage from one task in order to undertake another (see Monsell, 2003, for a review). In this set of experiments, we seek to understand the behavioral and neural consequences associated with different forms of task switching. Specifically, we examine whether there are qualitative differences in the cognitive mechanisms used to switch between tasks that require the reorienting of visuospatial attention (e.g., to what or where should I attend?) and switches that involve the ability to deal with changing goal-related information such as rules (e.g., what should I do?). We propose that the "task" used to investigate task switching (or "set" in set shifting) has important implications for understanding the nature of © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Corresponding address: Dr. Susan Ravizza, Dept. of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824 Email: E-mail: ravizzas@msu.edu Phone: 517−432−3366. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNeuropsychologia. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 October 1. Published in final edited form as:Neuropsychologia. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA ...

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The Role of the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate in Stimulus-Response Association Reversals

Cited by 27 publications

References 51 publications

Anticipatory Activity in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Can Be Independent of Conflict and Error Likelihood

Anticipatory Activity in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Can Be Independent of Conflict and Error Likelihood

Task Context and Frontal Lobe Activation in the Stroop Task

Shifting set about task switching: Behavioral and neural evidence for distinct forms of cognitive flexibility

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