The Role of the Gut-Lung Axis in COVID-19 Infections and Its Modulation to Improve Clinical Outcomes

Chen, Jiezhong; Vitetta, Luis

doi:10.31083/j.fbs1403023

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 170 publications

(222 reference statements)

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“…These changes can have a serious impact on the health of the survivor, causing an inflammatory immune response in the body, changes in the levels of basal metabolite levels (e.g., amino acids, carbohydrates, and neurotransmitters), and clinical gastrointestinal symptoms [ 114 ]. Gut microflora dysbiosis can have neurological and pulmonary effects through cytokines and metabolites [ 115 ], which are mediated through the gut–lung and brain–gut axes [ 116 , 117 ].…”

Section: Therapeutic Potential Of Naringin and Naringenin In Long Covidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Beneficial Effects of Naringin and Naringenin on Long COVID—A Review of the Literature

Liu,

Zhong,

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a severe epidemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent studies have found that patients do not completely recover from acute infections, but instead, suffer from a variety of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, known as long COVID. The effects of long COVID can be far-reaching, with a duration of up to six months and a range of symptoms such as cognitive dysfunction, immune dysregulation, microbiota dysbiosis, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, myocarditis, pulmonary fibrosis, cough, diabetes, pain, reproductive dysfunction, and thrombus formation. However, recent studies have shown that naringenin and naringin have palliative effects on various COVID-19 sequelae. Flavonoids such as naringin and naringenin, commonly found in fruits and vegetables, have various positive effects, including reducing inflammation, preventing viral infections, and providing antioxidants. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms and clinical effects of naringin and naringenin on treating the above diseases. It proposes them as potential drugs for the treatment of long COVID, and it can be inferred that naringin and naringenin exhibit potential as extended long COVID medications, in the future likely serving as nutraceuticals or clinical supplements for the comprehensive alleviation of the various manifestations of COVID-19 complications.

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Section: Therapeutic Potential Of Naringin and Naringenin In Long Covidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Beneficial Effects of Naringin and Naringenin on Long COVID—A Review of the Literature

Liu,

Zhong,

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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“…Gut dysbiosis can lead to gut inflammation and increased gut permeability, allowing translocations of gut bacteria, bacterial components such as LPS, metabolites, pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs), cell wall components, and flagellin into the circulation and the lung, contributing to changes in lung immunity, including dysregulation of lung immune response by increasing inflammatory markers and T cell dysregulation. Dysbiosis contributes to an altered immune response, altered microbiota (a decrease in microbial diversity and pathogen multiplication), and tissue damage [139,140]. Microbial dysbiosis is associated with numerous lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and COVID-19; however, it is unclear whether gut dysbiosis is the cause of disease or a consequence of the disease process.…”

Section: Gut Dysbiosis In Pulmonary Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gut–Organ Axis within the Human Body: Gut Dysbiosis and the Role of Prebiotics

Saxami,

Kerezoudi,

Eliopoulos

et al. 2023

Life

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The human gut microbiota (GM) is a complex microbial ecosystem that colonises the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and is comprised of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The GM has a symbiotic relationship with its host that is fundamental for body homeostasis. The GM is not limited to the scope of the GIT, but there are bidirectional interactions between the GM and other organs, highlighting the concept of the “gut–organ axis”. Any deviation from the normal composition of the GM, termed ”microbial dysbiosis”, is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Only a few studies have demonstrated a relationship between GM modifications and disease phenotypes, and it is still unknown whether an altered GM contributes to a disease or simply reflects its status. Restoration of the GM with probiotics and prebiotics has been postulated, but evidence for the effects of prebiotics is limited. Prebiotics are substrates that are “selectively utilized by host microorganisms, conferring a health benefit”. This study highlights the bidirectional relationship between the gut and vital human organs and demonstrates the relationship between GM dysbiosis and the emergence of certain representative diseases. Finally, this article focuses on the potential of prebiotics as a target therapy to manipulate the GM and presents the gaps in the literature and research.

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Diarrhea Is a Hallmark of Inflammation in Pediatric COVID-19

Poeta

Nunziata

Bene

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a pathogen with enteric tropism. We compared the clinical, biochemical and radiological features of children hospitalized for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, classified in two groups based on the presence of diarrhea. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the variables associated with diarrhea. Overall, 407 children were included in the study (226 males, 55.5%, mean age 3.9 ± 5.0 years), of whom 77 (18.9%) presented with diarrhea, which was mild in most cases. Diarrhea prevalence was higher during the Alpha (23.6%) and Delta waves (21.9%), and in children aged 5–11 y (23.8%). Other gastrointestinal symptoms were most commonly reported in children with diarrhea (p < 0.05). Children with diarrhea showed an increased systemic inflammatory state (higher C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and ferritin levels, p < 0.005), higher local inflammation as judged by mesenteric fat hyperechogenicity (adjusted Odds Ratio 3.31, 95%CI 1.13–9.70) and a lower chance of previous immunosuppressive state (adjusted Odds Ratio 0.19, 95%CI 0.05–0.70). Diarrhea is a frequent feature of pediatric COVID-19 and is associated with increased systemic inflammation, which is related to the local mesenteric fat inflammatory response, confirming the implication of the gut not only in multisystem inflammatory syndrome but also in the acute phase of the infection.

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The Role of the Gut-Lung Axis in COVID-19 Infections and Its Modulation to Improve Clinical Outcomes

Cited by 3 publications

References 170 publications

Potential Beneficial Effects of Naringin and Naringenin on Long COVID—A Review of the Literature

Potential Beneficial Effects of Naringin and Naringenin on Long COVID—A Review of the Literature

The Gut–Organ Axis within the Human Body: Gut Dysbiosis and the Role of Prebiotics

Diarrhea Is a Hallmark of Inflammation in Pediatric COVID-19

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