The role of the gut microbiota and bile acids in heart failure: A review

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is the terminal manifestation of various cardiovascular diseases. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that gut microbiota are involved in the development of various cardiovascular diseases. Gut microbiota and their metabolites might play a pivotal role in the development of HF. However, previous studies have rarely described the complex role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in HF. In this review, we mainly discussed bile acids (BAs), the metabolites of gut microbiota. We explained the mechanisms by which BAs are involved in the pathogenesis of HF. We also discussed the use of gut microbiota and BAs for treating HF in Chinese medicine, highlighting the advantages of Chinese medicine in treating HF.

Unveiling the gut-eye axis: how microbial metabolites influence ocular health and disease

“…investigates into the evolving role of GM's influence on ocular health, challenging historical presumptions of organ isolation and unveiling a profound interplay between microbiota-derived compounds and ocular pathogenesis. Recent scientific advancements have reshaped our perception of organ functionality, emphasizing the substantial impact of GM and their metabolites, notably short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate (5)(6)(7) and bile acids (BAs) (8)(9)(10), on various diseases including ocular pathologies. These observations contradict traditional beliefs of organ sterility, marking the GM as a key influencer in ocular pathology.…”