The Role of the Constant Region in Antibody-Antigen Interactions: Redefining the Modular Model of Immunoglobulin Structure

Bowen, Anthony; Casadevall, Arturo

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803369-2.00006-1

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The neutralization observed could therefore be due to a dose-dependent effect or could be due to inherent differences between RIG produced in humans and equines, such as different virus strains used in vaccines or individual variation in immune reactivity. For example, horses have the highest number of IgG constant region genes described for mammals to date [ 72 ] and since the constant region is thought to play a central role in the interactions of antibodies and antigens [ 73 ], suggests that horses produce a larger diversity of antibodies that may bind more diverse lyssaviruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Neutralization Activity of Commercial Rabies Immunoglobulin against Diverse Lyssaviruses

et al. 2023

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Novel lyssaviruses, the causative agents of rabies, continue to be described mostly due to increased surveillance in bat hosts. Biologicals for the prevention of rabies in humans have, however, remained largely unchanged for decades. This study aimed to determine if commercial rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) could neutralize diverse lyssaviruses. Two commercial preparations, of human or equine origin, were evaluated against a panel consisting of 13 lyssavirus species. Reduced neutralization was observed for the majority of lyssaviruses compared to rabies virus and was more evident for lyssaviruses outside of phylogroup I. Neutralization of more diverse lyssaviruses only occurred at very high doses, except for Ikoma lyssavirus, which could not be neutralized by the RIG evaluated in this study. The use of RIG is a crucial component of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis and the data generated here indicate that RIG, in its current form, will not protect against all lyssaviruses. In addition, higher doses of RIG may be required for neutralization as the genetic distance from vaccine strains increases. Given the limitations of current RIG preparations, alternative passive immunization options should be investigated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Neutralization Activity of Commercial Rabies Immunoglobulin against Diverse Lyssaviruses

et al. 2023

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“…An antibody comprises two heavy and two light chains, is Y shaped, and is divided into variable and constant regions. The variable region contains the antigen-binding sites [21], and each antigen-binding site has three structures complementary to the antigen and a highly recognisable region that determines the antigen-antibody specificity, called the complementarity-determining region (CDR) [22]. By using different combinations of CDRs with heavy and light chains, B cells can be induced to produce various specific antibodies.…”

Section: Phenomenon Of Macrophage and Its Importance In The Immune Rementioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal Macrophage Polarization Role in the Immune Modulation

Wu¹,

Chen²,

Wu³

2020

Cells of the Immune System

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Immunotherapy has advantages including few side effects and low probability of abuse by patients. Recently, functional materials with immunomodulatory functions, which act through reduction of free radicals, have been developed for cancer and anti-inflammatory therapy. However, the therapeutic application of natural functional materials involves a complex mechanism along with various organic factors. These substances, including polysaccharides and triterpenoids, have immunomodulatory effects. However, to our knowledge, the mechanism underlying the action of such substances in the physiological immunity of animals remains unclear. Immune cells, particularly macrophages, are crucial in the modulation of immune response. Macrophages polarise into two types, namely, M1 and M2, from the M0 form, based on the physiological microenvironment factors. M1 macrophages have functions in pathogen elimination through phagocytosis, oxidative damage, and complement system activation. M2 macrophages are involved in tissue recovery and tumour tissues containing ample M2 macrophages that release growth factors, which promote angiogenesis. In this study, we focus on the immunomodulation of the macrophage to further understand the effects of the physiological microenvironment factors on macrophage polarisation.

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