The endogenous presentation of the majority of viral epitopes through MHC class I pathway is strictly dependent on the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) complex, which transfers the peptide products of proteasomal degradation into the endoplasmic reticulum. A small number of epitopes can be presented through the TAP-independent pathway, the precise mechanism for which remains largely unresolved. Here we show that TAP-independent presentation can be mediated by autophagy and that this process uses the vacuolar pathway and not the conventional secretory pathway. After macroautophagy, the antigen is processed through a proteasomeindependent pathway, and the peptide epitopes are loaded within the autophagolysosomal compartment in a process facilitated by the relative acid stability of the peptide-MHC interaction.Despite bypassing much of the conventional MHC class I pathway, the autophagy-mediated pathway generates the same epitope as that generated through the conventional pathway and thus may have a role in circumventing viral immune evasion strategies that primarily target the conventional pathway.
IntroductionIn conventional MHC class I antigen presentation, endogenous proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the cytosol, transported to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) complex, loaded onto MHC class I molecules, and delivered to the cell surface through the secretory pathway. 1 TAP is critical in this process, and cells deficient in TAP have defective peptide loading in the ER and, consequently, low levels of surface MHC class I expression. 2 A small number of peptide epitopes, however, can be presented independent of TAP. Approximately half of these are signal peptides that are released directly into the ER during routine protein processing. [2][3][4] Other TAP-independent epitopes that are directly processed within the ER-Golgi compartment include those from the ER resident protein Jaw1 5 and the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120, 6 both processed through as yet undefined proteases; and the hepatitis B secretory core protein, processed by the trans-Golgi network protease furin. 7 In addition, a number of hydrophobic peptide epitopes processed conventionally though the cytosolic proteasome pathway can enter the ER and be presented independent of TAP using as yet undefined mechanisms. 8 The mechanism of antigen presentation for a significant proportion of TAPindependent peptide epitopes remains unknown. 4 Here we describe MHC class I presentation of an endogenous human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency-associated protein, pUL138, which can proceed through distinct TAP-dependent and TAP-independent pathways. The TAP-dependent process uses the conventional MHC class I pathway, whereas the TAP-independent process is mediated by macroautophagy and uses the vacuolar pathway. Of note, the 2 distinct pathways generate and present the same epitope.Autophagy is a process whereby cytoplasmic proteins and organelles can be transported...