“…Histamine, a wake-specific neuromodulator, is produced in tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) neurons of the posterior hypothalamus (Watanabe et al, 1983; Panula et al, 1984; Haas and Panula, 2003; Scammell et al, 2019; Yoshikawa et al, 2021). These neurons send axons throughout the brain (Takagi et al, 1986; Airaksinen and Panula, 1988; Haas and Panula, 2003; Arrigoni and Fuller, 2021; Yoshikawa et al, 2021), and are defined by expression of the histidine decarboxylase ( hdc ) gene, which encodes the enzyme that synthesizes histamine (Joseph et al, 1990). Histamine is released from axonal varicosities (Takagi et al, 1986), and activates excitatory H1, H2 and inhibitory H3 metabotropic receptors (Haas and Panula, 2016).…”