Lead-free all-inorganic perovskites
have been widely investigated
as alternative materials to replace organic lead-based perovskites
in solar cells. Although thousands of studies have been reported,
several questions remain in debate, e.g., the role of structural phases
and octahedra distortions in the optoelectronic and excitonic properties.
Here, we report a theoretical investigation of those effects in the
CsGeX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskites by the combination of
hybrid density functional theory calculations, spin–orbit coupling
for the valence states, maximally localized Wannier functions tight-binding
framework, and solution of the Bethe–Salpeter equation (BSE).
In contrast to CsGeCl3 and CsGeBr3, which has
an energetic preference for distorted cubic structures, hexagonal
phases yield the lowest energy for CsGeI3, i.e., the X
atomic radius plays an important role in the relative stability. Our
results show that octahedra distortion lowers the total energy and
increases the energy band gap substantially (above 1.0 eV), which
can be explained by volume increasing and Jahn–Teller symmetry
breaking that affects the character of the valence band maximum and
conduction band minimum. From our BSE calculations, the quasi-particle
effects are weak in the absorption coefficient; however, its magnitude
depends on the structure phase and octahedra distortions. The spectroscopy
limited maximum efficiency approach yields almost constant power conversion
efficiency, despite substantial variations in the band gaps. The obtained
values are consistent with experimental results in contrast to the
Shockley–Queisser limit. We also predict the existence of optimal
thickness for maximum efficiency, which (for example) is about 11.6
μm for the super cubic CsGeCl3.