The role of T cells in acute ischemic stroke

Cui, Weihong; Wu, Hongyun; Xu, Xiaodong; Xu, Xin

doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.03.005

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 158 publications

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“…However, one protein, lactoferrin, released may be beneficial in cerebral hemorrhage because of its iron-binding properties [ 34 ]. The role of T-lymphocytes in IVH is unknown but there is evidence that they play an important modulatory role in brain injury after cerebral ischemia, either promoting protection or injury [ 35 ]. Leukocytes are a crucial element in the response to pathogens and it is possible that the ChP immune response after IVH may guard against possible pathogen entry into CSF/brain that could occur along with an IVH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choroid plexus immune cell response in murine hydrocephalus induced by intraventricular hemorrhage

Wan,

Fu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Fluids Barriers CNS

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Background Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and associated hydrocephalus are significant complications of intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Despite proximity to IVH, the immune cell response at the choroid plexus (ChP) has been relatively understudied. This study employs CX3CR-1GFP mice, which marks multiple immune cell populations, and immunohistochemistry to outline that response. Methods This study had four parts all examining male adult CX3CR-1GFP mice. Part 1 examined naïve mice. In part 2, mice received an injection 30 µl of autologous blood into right ventricle and were euthanized at 24 h. In part 3, mice underwent intraventricular injection of saline, iron or peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx-2) and were euthanized at 24 h. In part 4, mice received intraventricular iron injection and were treated with either control or clodronate liposomes and were euthanized at 24 h. All mice underwent magnetic resonance imaging to quantify ventricular volume. The ChP immune cell response was examined by combining analysis of GFP(+) immune cells and immunofluorescence staining. Results IVH and intraventricular iron or Prx-2 injection in CX3CR-1GFP mice all induced ventriculomegaly and activation of ChP immune cells. There were very marked increases in the numbers of ChP epiplexus macrophages, T lymphocytes and neutrophils. Co-injection of clodronate liposomes with iron reduced the ventriculomegaly which was associated with fewer epiplexus and stromal macrophages but not reduced T lymphocytes and neutrophils. Conclusion There is a marked immune cell response at the ChP in IVH involving epiplexus cells, T lymphocytes and neutrophils. The blood components iron and Prx-2 may play a role in eliciting that response. Reduction of ChP macrophages with clodronate liposomes reduced iron-induced ventriculomegaly suggesting that ChP macrophages may be a promising therapeutic target for managing IVH-induced hydrocephalus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choroid plexus immune cell response in murine hydrocephalus induced by intraventricular hemorrhage

Wan,

Fu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Fluids Barriers CNS

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“…140,141 The increased number of CD8+ cells after AIS may increase the risk of complications such as cerebral hemorrhage. 127,142 The accumulation of CD8+ cells more than 30 days after stroke will adversely affect the prognosis of later stroke. 140 Some animal studies suggest that B cells have a protective role after stroke.…”

Section: Cd4+ Cells Mainly Exacerbate the Progression Of Stroke By Se...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CD8+ can recognize MHCI and induce neuronal apoptosis by secreting cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzymes or through TNF family receptor‐mediated cytotoxicity, and can also mediate cytotoxic effects through the Fas/FasL signaling pathway 140,141 . The increased number of CD8+ cells after AIS may increase the risk of complications such as cerebral hemorrhage 127,142 . The accumulation of CD8+ cells more than 30 days after stroke will adversely affect the prognosis of later stroke 140 …”

Section: Lymphocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Uncontrolled excessive inflammatory response exacerbates ischemic brain injury, impeding recovery after stroke. In AIS patients, some types of T cells can promote the development of inflammatory responses and aggravate ischemic injury, while other T cells appear to exert neuroprotective effects through mechanisms such as immunosuppression 127 . There are many subtypes of T cells, and different subtypes exhibit different functions (Figure 3).…”

Section: Lymphocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In AIS patients, some types of T cells can promote the development of inflammatory responses and aggravate ischemic injury, while other T cells appear to exert neuroprotective effects through mechanisms such as immunosuppression. 127 There are many subtypes of T cells, and different subtypes exhibit different functions (Figure 3 ). The main ones are CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, as well as natural killer T cells (NKT) and regulatory T cells (Tregs).…”

Section: Lymphocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perspective from single‐cell sequencing: Is inflammation in acute ischemic stroke beneficial or detrimental?

Deng,

Hu,

Zhou

et al. 2023

CNS Neurosci Ther

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BackgroundAcute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a common cerebrovascular event associated with high incidence, disability, and poor prognosis. Studies have shown that various cell types, including microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, and neutrophils, play complex roles in the early stages of AIS and significantly affect its prognosis. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of action of these cells will be beneficial for improving stroke prognosis. With the rapid development of single‐cell sequencing technology, researchers have explored the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AIS at the single‐cell level.MethodWe systematically summarize the latest research on single‐cell sequencing in AIS.ResultIn this review, we summarize the phenotypes and functions of microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, as well as their respective subtypes, at different time points following AIS. In particular, we focused on the crosstalk between microglia and astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. Our findings reveal diverse and sometimes opposing roles within the same cell type, with the possibility of interconversion between different subclusters.ConclusionThis review offers a pioneering exploration of the functions of various glial cells and cell subclusters after AIS, shedding light on their regulatory mechanisms that facilitate the transformation of detrimental cell subclusters towards those that are beneficial for improving the prognosis of AIS. This approach has the potential to advance the discovery of new specific targets and the development of drugs, thus representing a significant breakthrough in addressing the challenges in AIS treatment.

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Dynamic change of neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and its predictive value of prognosis in acute ischemic stroke

Qian,

Hu,

Wang

et al. 2024

Brain and Behavior

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ObjectiveThe present research aimed to explore the dynamic change of the neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and its relationship with functional outcome following an acute ischemic stroke (AIS), whether receiving intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) or not.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed data that were prospectively acquired from patients with AIS treated with IVT or not. For patients receiving IVT, the NLR was based on a blood test performed prior to IVT (d0) and at different time points after disease onset (d1, d3, d7). In addition, in the non‐IVT group, the NLR was obtained at different time points after disease onset (d1, d3, d7). Follow‐ups were performed 3 months after onset via telephone. In addition, a good outcome was defined as a modified Rankin scale (mRS) ≤1; a poor outcome means 2 ≤ mRS ≤ 6.ResultsA total of 204 AIS patients were included in this study. The NLR presented a dynamic change as it increased to its peak at day 1 and gradually declined to its baseline at day 7, no matter whether patients were receiving IVT or not. Patients with poor outcomes have a higher NLR at various time points. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), NLR d1, NLR d3, and NLR d7 were independently associated with functional outcomes. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of NLR in predicting outcomes was as follows: NLR d3 demonstrated robust predictive power within the IVT therapy cohort, whereas NLR d7 was predictive in the non‐IVT cohort. However, the most potent predictor emerged as the combination of NIHSS and NLR.ConclusionNLR has the potential to predicate diagnosis for AIS, especially when combined with the NIHSS score.

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The role of T cells in acute ischemic stroke

Cited by 11 publications

References 158 publications

Choroid plexus immune cell response in murine hydrocephalus induced by intraventricular hemorrhage

Choroid plexus immune cell response in murine hydrocephalus induced by intraventricular hemorrhage

Perspective from single‐cell sequencing: Is inflammation in acute ischemic stroke beneficial or detrimental?

Dynamic change of neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and its predictive value of prognosis in acute ischemic stroke

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