The Role of Spleen-Derived Immune Cells in Ischemic Brain Injury

Zhao, Heng

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32337-4_10

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 78 publications

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“…11,12,19 The clinical signs include dementia, mood instability in the form of rage, anger, and depression, which become dominant factors in the patient's ability to function socially. 1,3,12,19,20 Studies on animals which experienced forceful head and abdominal impacts reveal a series of physiological changes including the release of macrophages and leukocytes from the spleen, 7,21,22 increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), 23,24 entry of the splenic cells into the brain parenchyma, release of gamma interferon from microglia (an inflammatory marker), and the subsequent marked increased expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers on neurons and glial cells, resulting in the silencing and death of the nerve cells. 25,26 At the time of 2 Journal of Experimental Neuroscience the impact, increased shearing force at the base of the sulci causes injury to the membranes of the neuronal and glial cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mechanism for the Development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy From Persistent Traumatic Brain Injury

Demock

Kornguth

2019

J Exp Neurosci

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A mechanism that describes the progression of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to end-stage chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is offered in this article. This mechanism is based upon the observed increase in the concentration of both tau protein and of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I proteins; the HLA increase is expressed on the cell membrane of neural cells. These events follow the inflammatory responses caused by the repetitive TBI. Associated inflammatory changes include macrophage entry into the brain parenchyma from increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and microglial activation at the base of the sulci. The release of interferon gamma from the microglia and macrophages induces the marked increased expression of HLA class I proteins by the neural cells and subsequent redistribution of the tau proteins to the glial and neuronal surface. In those individuals with highly expressed HLA class I C, the high level of HLA binds tau protein electrostatically. The ionic region of HLA class I C (amino acid positions 50-90) binds to the oppositely charged ionic region of tau (amino acid positions 93-133). These interactions thereby shift the cellular localization of the tau and orient the tau spatially so that the cross-linking sites of tau (275-280 and 306-311) are aligned. This alignment facilitates the cross-linking of tau to form the intracellular and extracellular microfibrils of tau, the primary physiological characteristic of tauopathy. Following endocytosis of the membrane HLA/tau complex, these microfibrils accumulate and produce a tau-storage-like disease. Therefore, tauopathy is the secondary collateral process of brain injury, resulting from the substantial increase in tau and HLA expression on neural cells. This proposed mechanism suggests several potential targets for mitigating the clinical progression of TBI to CTE.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mechanism for the Development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy From Persistent Traumatic Brain Injury

Demock

Kornguth

2019

J Exp Neurosci

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Hardwiring: innateness in the age of the brain

Grossi

2017

Biol Philos

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Abstract"Hardwired" is a term commonly used to describe the properties of certain behaviors or brain regions. As its usage has increased exponentially in the past 50 years, both in popular media and the scholarly literature, the concept appears to have gained a cloak of respectability in scientific discourse. However, its specific meaning is difficult to pinpoint. In this paper, I examine how "hardwired" has been used in the psychological and neuroscientific literature. The analysis reveals two major themes: one centers on certain purported characteristics of behaviors or brain regions, such as fixedness; the other places these and other characteristics within an evolutionary framework.Overall, the analysis reveals a degree of overlap between "hardwiring" and the folk biology concept of innateness. Various complications arise from such overlap, casting doubts on the usefulness and legitimacy of "hardwired" in scientific discourse.Running head: "Hardwired" as innate 3 Introduction "Insofar as "biological bases" have replaced innate knowledge and structure in the vocabularies of many, they have inherited, so to speak, the implications of the earlier terms while legitimating them with the aura of methodological sanctity." (Oyama, 2000a, p. 6) It is a common refrain that human beings are "hardwired" for some types of behavior. References to "hardwiring" are found frequently in a variety of contexts and texts, not only magazines or popular books about psychology, but also plays and literary essays, typically within the overarching narrative of "human nature" (e.g., Stoppard, 2015;Wallace, 2005). For example, humans are said to be "hardwired" for prejudice (Wartik, 2004), morality (Tancredi, 2005), ripeness (Herbert, 2010), and relationships (Jap, 2016). The term has enjoyed a wide and enduring popularity in reference to sex (2002) remarked on the ambiguity of its meaning:"If "hardwired" means "a behavior that depends on brain wiring," then we need to ask, "As opposed to what? So far as is known, all behavior depends on brain wiring. If "hardwired" means "caused by genes," we have already seen unqualified versions of this idea wrecked on the shoals of developmental complexity. Sometimes "hardwired" is used to refer to a circuit that is not modifiable postnatally. Typically, this usage too is Running head: "Hardwired" as innate 4 problematic, since virtually all of a brain's functions are modifiable in one way or another … Perhaps there exists in some subculture a consistent, useful, and unambiguous role for the expression of "hardwired," but because it is so heavily encrusted with misconception and misdirection, it is preferable to see more precise terminology." (pp. 327-328; italics in the original). INSERT FIGURES 1 AND 2 APPROXIMATELY HEREMore recently, Lilienfeld et al. (2015) too contended that its use should be dismissed, as "… growing data on neural plasticity suggest that, with the possible exception of inborn reflexes, remarkably few psychological capacities in humans are genuinely hard-wired, that is, in...

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The Role of Spleen-Derived Immune Cells in Ischemic Brain Injury

Cited by 2 publications

References 78 publications

A Mechanism for the Development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy From Persistent Traumatic Brain Injury

A Mechanism for the Development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy From Persistent Traumatic Brain Injury

Hardwiring: innateness in the age of the brain

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