The role of soybean agroforestry in mitigating climate change in Indonesia

Abstract

Climate change is a global problem that has an impact on food production. Protein needs for people in developing countries such as Indonesia have not been fulfilled optimally. Indonesian people’s protein consumption is still at 65.7%, much lower than it should be. The development of soybean cultivation as a source of vegetable protein is very potential. This article aims to examine the role of soybean agroforestry to meet human protein needs and as an effort to mitigate climate change.In Indonesia, soybean development is constrained by people’s views; soybean is not the main crop and the rate of land conversion. An effort to overcome the limitation of optimum land according to the growing season is the development of soybean cultivation under forest stands as an agroforestry system. In Indonesia, there are production forests, including teak, pine, sengon, and resin, especially in teak, pine, and sengon forests, soybean cultivation with agroforestry systems has developed. The main obstacle to cultivation in the agroforestry system is low light due to the shade of the tree canopy. It requires efforts: tree spacing, especially between rows, trimming the tree canopy when the canopy is getting tighter, and low light tolerant plant varieties. Soybeans are low-light tolerant plants. The national average soybean production of about 1.5 tons ha-1 can be achieved in teak-based agroforestry systems up to 3-4 years old tree, pine-based up to 3 years old, and sengon-based up to 5 years old. The agroforestry system has the potential as land for the cultivation of organic plants in mitigating the impacts of climate change.

Assessing the Productivity and Socioeconomic Feasibility of Cocoyam and Teak Agroforestry for Food Security

“…It can be grown as a monoculture [70,71] or intercropped with other crops. Research on intercropping teak with other crops has been conducted, including Amorphophallus [72], maize [73], peanut [74], soybean [75], arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.), canna (Canna edulis Ker Gawl), and yam (Dioscorea esculenta) [21], but studies on intercropping teak with cocoyam are still limited in number.…”

“…The purpose of teak agroforestry has advanced from reforestation into more diverse goals, such as environmental protection [89], the enhancement of ecosystem services [90], carbon sequestration [91], flora-fauna biodiversity conservation [92], poverty alleviation [93], and food security [77]. In Indonesia, teak-based agroforestry is combined with various companion food crops, such as maize (Zea mays L.) [94,95], porang (Amorphophalus mulleri Blume) [96], arrowroot (M. arundinacea L.), taro (Colocasia esculenta L.) [97], soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) [75], suweg (Amorphopallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) [72], arrowroot-yam (Dioscorea esculenta L.), edible canna (Canna edulis) [21], a combination of maize and cassava (Manihot utilisima), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) [98], durian (Durio zibethinus) [99], ginger [100], and a combination of maize and peanut [74].…”

Imputation of missing microclimate data of coffee-pine agroforestry with machine learning

“…Tropical agroforestry systems, such as those involving coffee and Faidherbia albida trees, aim to mitigate extreme temperatures, highlighting the significance of micro-climate data in designing resilient and climate-smart farming systems [1]. Additionally, the role of agroforestry systems as a climate change mitigation strategy has been emphasized, further underlining the importance of micro-climate data in such ecosystems [2]. Furthermore, the agroforestry system of coffee cultivation in pine forests has been recognized for its essential role in providing ecosystem services, including habitat for wildlife, carbon storage, and sequestration [3].…”

Disease Incidence of Leaf Rust of Soybean Caused by Phakopsora pachyrizi Planted in Mahogany Agroforestry System

“…Agroforestry is a sustainable agricultural system with land management that combines the principles of agriculture and forestry in one land in rotation or simultaneously. Using agroforestry as agricultural land can increase crop yields, depending on the type of plant, local conditions, and level of expertise [6]. The kind of agroforestry that can be used is mahogany tree stands because they are widely distributed in Indonesia.…”