The role of social embeddedness in professorial entrepreneurship: a comparison of electrical engineering and computer science at UC Berkeley and Stanford

Determining Factors of the Effectiveness of IP-based Spin-offs: Comparing the Netherlands and the US

“…For example, as mentioned in the literature, PRO policy regarding technology transfer is considered to play an important role (Argyres and Liebeskind, 1998). This role affects whether a PRO will make use of IPRs, whether spin-offs are established and in how far they are supported (Di Gregorio and Shane, 2003;Markman, et al, 2004;Kenney and Goe, 2004). This policy, in turn, is strongly embedded in a national institutional environment (Graham and Mowery, 2003;OECD, 2003), as well as in a sectoral environment (Nerkar and Shane, 2003).…”

“…An explanation for this observation may be that universities and PROs are not single, consistently acting entities. Instead, they are made up of a number of smaller entities such as an university board, one or more technology transfer offices (TTOs), various faculties consisting of different departments and numerous chairs, all of which have different responsibilities, goals and interests (Etzkowitz, 2003;Kenney and Goe, 2004). Without the pressure from a federal or national framework such as the Bayh-Dole Act it becomes difficult in these circumstances to develop an effective technology transfer policy.…”

“…The historical context, the eminence of the PRO, its culture, regulations in general, all influence the interpretation and implementation of technology transfer in practice (Feldman and Decroches, 2003;Kenney and Goe, 2004;Mowery et al, 2004). Based on our interviews, we discuss three aspects of technology transfer policies and how these may differ across PROs as well as between the US and the Netherlands: royalty sharing, equity investments (capital needs) and the role of incubators.…”

Institutional complementarity and inventive performance in nano science and technology

“…On the other hand, industry case studies on biotechnology (McKelvey 1996;Orsenigo 1990;Owen-Smith et al 2002;Zucker and Darby 1996), chemical and electrical engineering (Kenney and Goe 2004;Mowery and Rosenberg 1998) semiconductor and laser (Klepper 2001), and medical instruments (Trajtenberg, 1990) illustrated important examples in which the very definition of industrial applications was made possible only due to the discovery of new physical properties of nature. In these fields the origin of entrepreneurship can often be traced back to scientists from the academic world or to scientists in large and technologically advanced companies.…”

Innovation dans les services et entrepreneuriaT : au-delà des conceptions industrialistes et technologistes du développement durable

“…Le second type d'entrepreneur cognitif qu'on peut envisager est l'entrepreneur-chercheur (ou docteur) (Mustar, 2003 ;Kenney et Goe, 2004 ;Murray, 2004). Cette figure de l'entrepreneuriat rend compte de la création d'entreprises par les chercheurs des universités.…”